1.
Early-Life Intestine Microbiota and Lung Health in Children.
Ranucci, G, Buccigrossi, V, de Freitas, MB, Guarino, A, Giannattasio, A
Journal of immunology research. 2017;2017:8450496
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In this short article the authors review important factors which influence the composition of the gut microbiome in early infancy. They then look at evidence for a “gut-lung axis" in the progression of chronic lung disease in children. They report that gut microbial composition is associated with disease progression in cystic fibrosis (CF) and development of childhood asthma. The authors also reviewed the use of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics (a combination of pre- and probiotics) in lung disease in children. They found that whilst in animal studies Lactobacilli have immunoregulatory effects on the lung, results of human clinical trials were variable, possibly due to the specific bacterial strains used. They report that clinical data are missing for probiotic intervention in the development of asthma. For CF, three randomised controlled trials found a beneficial effect of probiotics, in particular Lactobacillus GG and Lactobacillus reuteri, in disease progression and activity.
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota plays a critical role in nutritional, metabolic, and immune functions in infants and young children and has implications for future lung health status. Understanding the role of intestinal dysbiosis in chronic lung disease progression will provide opportunities to design early interventions to improve the course of the disease. Gut microbiota is established within the first 1 to 3 years of life and remains relatively stable throughout the life span. In this review, we report the recent development in research in gut-lung axis, with focus on the effects of targeting microbiota of infants and children at risk of or with progressive lung diseases. The basic concept is to exploit this approach in critical window to achieve the best results in the control of future health.
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Gut microbiota manipulation with prebiotics in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial protocol.
Lambert, JE, Parnell, JA, Eksteen, B, Raman, M, Bomhof, MR, Rioux, KP, Madsen, KL, Reimer, RA
BMC gastroenterology. 2015;15:169
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The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) continues to rise in parallel with obesity and insulin resistance. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiome may play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and that prebiotics supplementation is favourably associated with many risk factors common among NAFLD patients. The aim of this study is to provide a protocol for evaluating the efficacy of prebiotic supplementation on hepatic injury and liver fat, the gut microbiota, inflammation, glucose tolerance and satiety in patients with NAFLD. A total of 60 participants will be randomised to a prebiotic supplemented group or isocaloric placebo group for 24 weeks, and all participants will receive dietary counselling to achieve a 10% weight loss. This study protocol highlights the importance of a well-designed trial to improve the available therapies for patients with NAFLD. If this prebiotic intervention is beneficial, the gut microbiota-liver axis may provide novel, inexpensive therapeutic targets for managing NAFLD.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for the role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging. Strategies to manipulate the gut microbiota towards a healthier community structure are actively being investigated. Based on their ability to favorably modulate the gut microbiota, prebiotics may provide an inexpensive yet effective dietary treatment for NAFLD. Additionally, prebiotics have established benefits for glucose control and potentially weight control, both advantageous in managing fatty liver disease. Our objective is to evaluate the effects of prebiotic supplementation, adjunct to those achieved with diet-induced weight loss, on heptic injury and liver fat, the gut microbiota, inflammation, glucose tolerance, and satiety in patients with NAFLD. METHODS/DESIGN In a double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study, adults (BMI ≥25) with confirmed NAFLD will be randomized to either a 16 g/d prebiotic supplemented group or isocaloric placebo group for 24 weeks (n = 30/group). All participants will receive individualized dietary counseling sessions with a registered dietitian to achieve 10 % weight loss. Primary outcome measures include change in hepatic injury (fibrosis and inflammation) and liver fat. Secondary outcomes include change in body composition, appetite and dietary adherence, glycemic and insulinemic responses and inflammatory cytokines. Mechanisms related to prebiotic-induced changes in gut microbiota (shot-gun sequencing) and their metabolic by-products (volatile organic compounds) and de novo lipogenesis (using deuterium incorporation) will also be investigated. DISCUSSION There are currently no medications or surgical procedures approved for the treatment of NAFLD and weight loss via lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone of current care recommendations. Given that prebiotics target multiple metabolic impairments associated with NAFLD, investigating their ability to modulate the gut microbiota and hepatic health in patients with NAFLD is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02568605) Registered 30 September 2015.
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Effect of double-blind crossover selenium supplementation on biological indices of selenium status in cystic fibrosis patients.
Portal, B, Richard, MJ, Ducros, V, Aguilaniu, B, Brunel, F, Faure, H, Gout, JP, Bost, M, Favier, A
Clinical chemistry. 1993;39(6):1023-8
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Previous studies have found that cystic fibrosis (CF) patients have lower blood selenium concentrations than healthy individuals. It is thought that this is likely to be an effect of the disease, rather than a cause. Selenium is needed for the production of glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme that protects cells from oxidative damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the selenium status of CF patients before and after supplementation with selenium. In this double-blind, cross-over trial, patients were given 2.8 micrograms of sodium selenite per kg of bodyweight per day for 5 months. At the start of the trial, selenium concentrations in the blood of CF patients were about the same as those seen in healthy people. After supplementation, both selenium and glutathione peroxidase levels increased. One explanation for the apparently normal levels of selenium seen in CF patients before the start of the study was that many of the patients had been self-supplementing with selenium before the study began. The authors recommend that the selenium status of every CF patient should be checked, and supplementation given where needed.
Abstract
Twenty-seven cystic fibrosis patients received selenium supplementation (2.8 micrograms of sodium selenite per kilogram of body weight per day) or a placebo. This 5-month trial was conducted as a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. After an interval of 2 months, treatments of the two groups were interchanged (crossed over) for another 5-month period. A group of healthy subjects, living in the same area, was investigated simultaneously. No selenium deficiency was found either in plasma or in erythrocytes before the supplementation. This result was inconsistent with a previous study performed in 1988 in our laboratory. This change in selenium status can be explained by progress in the nutritional nursing care of children and by the addition of selenium to the diet. During the study, selenium concentrations in plasma decreased when patients received placebo treatment and increased during selenium intake. In one of the two groups a similar variation was found for glutathione peroxidase activities in plasma and erythrocytes, whereas erythrocyte selenium was normal and did not change in any group. Nowadays, in the Grenoble area, the selenium status of cystic fibrosis patients is close to normal. Nevertheless, this study indicates a fragile equilibrium, given that selenium concentrations cn be lowered by placebo or mildly increased by supplementation.