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Dairy product consumption and risk of hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bian, S, Hu, J, Zhang, K, Wang, Y, Yu, M, Ma, J
BMC public health. 2018;18(1):165
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Dairy products contain calcium and Vitamin D, two elements that are known to support bone health. The consumption of dairy products therefore, may affect the risk of bone fracture, however the research remains inconclusive. This meta-analysis examined and quantified the potential association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture. The final analysis included 10 cohort studies and 8 case-control studies. After pooling the data from these studies, the researchers concluded that: • Consumption of yoghurt and cheese was associated with a lower risk of hip fracture • Consumption of total dairy products and cream was not significantly associated with the risk of hip fracture • There was insufficient evidence to deduce an association between milk consumption and the risk of hip fracture. 200g of milk per day may be beneficial however the effects of higher volumes were unclear.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy product consumption may affect the risk of hip fracture, but previous studies have reported inconsistent findings. The primary aim of our meta-analysis was to examine and quantify the potential association of dairy product consumption with risk of hip fracture. METHODS We searched the databases of PubMed and EMBASE for relevant articles from their inception through April 17, 2017. The final analysis included 10 cohort studies and 8 case-control studies. Random-effects models were used to estimate the pooled risk. Subgroup and dose-response analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between the consumption of milk and the risk of hip fracture. RESULTS After pooling the data from the included studies, the summary relative risk (RR) for hip fracture for highest versus lowest consumption were 0.91 (95% CI: 0.74-1.12), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.66-0.86), 0.68 (95% CI: 0.61-0. 77), 1.02 (95% CI: 0.93-1.12) for milk, yogurt, cheese, and total dairy products in cohort studies, respectively. Higher milk consumption [Odds ratio (OR), 0.71, 95% CI: 0.55-0. 91] was associated with lower risk of hip fracture for highest versus lowest consumption in case-control studies. After quantifying the specific dose of milk, the summary RR/OR for an increased milk consumption of 200 g/day was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.94-1.07), and 0.89 (95%CI: 0.64-1.24) with significant heterogeneity for cohort and case-control studies, respectively; There was a nonlinear association between milk consumption and hip fracture risk in cohort, and case-control studies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that consumption of yogurt and cheese was associated with lower risk of hip fracture in cohort studies. However, the consumption of total dairy products and cream was not significantly associated with the risk of hip fracture. There was insufficient evidence to deduce the association between milk consumption and risk of hip fracture. A lower threshold of 200 g/day milk intake may have beneficial effects, whereas the effects of a higher threshold of milk intake are unclear.
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Serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and colorectal cancer risk: results from the EPIC cohort, plus a meta-analysis of prospective studies.
Rinaldi, S, Cleveland, R, Norat, T, Biessy, C, Rohrmann, S, Linseisen, J, Boeing, H, Pischon, T, Panico, S, Agnoli, C, et al
International journal of cancer. 2010;126(7):1702-15
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Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) plays an important role in growth and development as a function of available energy and essential nutrients from body reserves and diet. The aim of the study was to examine the relationships of colorectal cancers with serum levels of IGF-I, and with 2 measures of IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3. The study also examined whether relative risks associated to IGF-I levels were modified by anthropometric and dietary factors. A meta-analysis was performed where the study results were combined with the results from previously published prospective studies. For the study, 1,121 case sets with IGF-1 and total IGFBP-3 measurements were observed. For each case participant with colon or rectum cancer, 1 control participant was selected randomly. Control were matched to cases depending on a set criteria. The study found no association between colorectal cancer risk and serum levels of IGF-1 or IGFBP-3. However, the results from the meta-analysis showed only a very mild significant positive association. Overall, findings from the study together with those from the prospective cohort studies indicate a modest role for elevated circulating IGF-I levels in the development of colorectal cancer.
Abstract
Several prospective studies have shown a moderate positive association between increasing circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels and colorectal cancer risk. However, the associations were often statistically nonsignificant, and the relationship of cancer risk with IGF-I's major binding protein, IGFBP-3, showed major discrepancies between studies. We investigated the association of colorectal cancer risk with serum IGF-I, total and intact IGFBP-3, in a case-control study nested within the EPIC cohort (1,121 cases of colorectal cancer and 1,121 matched controls). Conditional logistic regression was used to adjust for possible confounders. Our present study results were combined in a meta-analysis with those from 9 previous prospective studies to examine the overall evidence for a relationship of prediagnostic serum IGF-I with colorectal cancer risk. In the EPIC study, serum concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 showed no associations with risk of colorectal cancer overall. Only in subgroup analyses did our study show moderate positive associations of IGF-I levels with risk, either among younger participants only (and only for colon cancer) or among participants whose milk intakes were in the lowest tertile of the population distribution (RR for an increase of 100 ng/ml = 1.43 [95% CI = 1.13-1.93]). Nevertheless, in the meta-analysis a modest positive association remained between serum IGF-I and colorectal cancer risk overall (RR = 1.07 [1.01-1.14] for 1 standard deviation increase in IGF-I). Overall, data from our present study and previous prospective studies combined indicate a relatively modest association of colorectal cancer risk with serum IGF-I.