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Do Youth Consume More Calories than they Expended in Youth Sports Leagues? An Observational Study of Physical Activity, Snacks, and Beverages.
Bennion, N, Spruance, LA, Maddock, JE
American journal of health behavior. 2020;(2):180-187
Abstract
Objectives: Childhood obesity rates remain high. The youth sports environment is an opportunity to combat obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of beverages/ snacks provided at youth sports and determine associations between energy consumption and expenditure. Methods: This cross-sectional study observed 4 different sports in a youth sports league (N = 189). The System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) was used to quantify physical activity. Food environmental scans were used to quantify caloric intake. A t-test was conducted to examine differences between energy consumption and expenditure. We conducted a separate analysis for games that did not offer snacks/beverages. Results: The average energy expenditure was 170.3 calories per game; males were more physically active than females. The average caloric content was 213.3 calories for games that did not offer snacks/beverages and average sugar provided was 26.4 grams per game. The majority of sugar came from sugar-sweetened beverages. Conclusions: Calorie intake was higher than expenditure. Children were consuming more sugar in one game than daily recommendations. Youth sports would benefit from an intervention aimed at the food environment.
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Children's healthy and unhealthy beverage availability, purchase and consumption: A wearable camera study.
Smith, M, Stanley, J, Signal, L, Barr, M, Chambers, T, Balina, A, Ni Mhurchu, C, Wilson, N
Appetite. 2019;:240-251
Abstract
Children's sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption presents significant risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes and dental health. But there is a lack of objective data on beverages in children's overall environments. This study aimed to determine the nature and extent of children's beverage availability, purchase and consumption, throughout their day, using wearable cameras for data collection. Data were sourced from 'Kids'Cam NZ', a study in which randomly-selected New Zealand children (n = 168; 11-14y, mean 12.6y) wore cameras for four days (Thursday-Sunday), automatically taking a photo every 7s. Using content analysis, Thursday and Saturday images (n = 700,201) were systematically analysed. On average, 18.9 (95% CI 16.8, 21.4) drinks/day were available to the children (n = 158), of which 7.5 (95% CI 5.8, 9.7; 39.7%) were non-core drinks, including 6.4 (95% CI 5.0, 8.3; 33.9%) SSBs. At school and home, core drinks (water and unflavoured milk) were the most available. In all other locations in which children spent time (e.g., recreation venues and food retail outlets) non-core drinks dominated, at rates 1.5-5 times that of core drinks availability. Almost all drinks (n = 17; 10.8%) the children purchased were non-core. On average, children (n = 111; 70.3%) consumed a drink 2.6 (95% CI 2.1, 3.1) times/day, including one (95% CI 0.7, 1.3) SSB. At school and home core drinks predominated. SSBs were available to most children in all locations in which they spent time, and dominated their drinks purchases and consumption. SSBs appear to be a typical feature of children's everyday environments, almost certainly making it difficult for children's beverage intakes to align with guidelines. The findings support calls for governments to urgently enact the SSB-related actions in the WHO Commission's Ending Childhood Obesity implementation plan and, in turn, improve child health.
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Sugary drink consumption and risk of cancer: results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort.
Chazelas, E, Srour, B, Desmetz, E, Kesse-Guyot, E, Julia, C, Deschamps, V, Druesne-Pecollo, N, Galan, P, Hercberg, S, Latino-Martel, P, et al
BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2019;:l2408
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the associations between the consumption of sugary drinks (such as sugar sweetened beverages and 100% fruit juices), artificially sweetened beverages, and the risk of cancer. DESIGN Population based prospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Overall, 101 257 participants aged 18 and over (mean age 42.2, SD 14.4; median follow-up time 5.1 years) from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009-2017) were included. Consumptions of sugary drinks and artificially sweetened beverages were assessed by using repeated 24 hour dietary records, which were designed to register participants' usual consumption for 3300 different food and beverage items. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prospective associations between beverage consumption and the risk of overall, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer were assessed by multi-adjusted Fine and Gray hazard models, accounting for competing risks. Subdistribution hazard ratios were computed. RESULTS The consumption of sugary drinks was significantly associated with the risk of overall cancer (n=2193 cases, subdistribution hazard ratio for a 100mL/d increase 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.10 to 1.27, P<0.0001) and breast cancer (693, 1.22, 1.07 to 1.39, P=0.004). The consumption of artificially sweetened beverages was not associated with the risk of cancer. In specific subanalyses, the consumption of 100% fruit juice was significantly associated with the risk of overall cancer (2193, 1.12, 1.03 to 1.23, P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective study, the consumption of sugary drinks was positively associated with the risk of overall cancer and breast cancer. 100% fruit juices were also positively associated with the risk of overall cancer. These results need replication in other large scale prospective studies. They suggest that sugary drinks, which are widely consumed in Western countries, might represent a modifiable risk factor for cancer prevention. STUDY REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03335644.
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Associations of Prenatal and Child Sugar Intake With Child Cognition.
Cohen, JFW, Rifas-Shiman, SL, Young, J, Oken, E
American journal of preventive medicine. 2018;(6):727-735
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sugar consumption among Americans is above recommended limits, and excess sugar intake may influence cognition. The aim of this study was to examine associations of pregnancy and offspring sugar consumption (sucrose, fructose) with child cognition. Additionally, associations of maternal and child consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), other beverages (diet soda, juice), and fruit with child cognition were examined. METHODS Among 1,234 mother-child pairs enrolled 1999-2002 in Project Viva, a pre-birth cohort, in 2017 diet was assessed during pregnancy and early childhood, and cognitive outcomes in early and mid-childhood (median ages 3.3 and 7.7 years). Analyses used linear regression models adjusted for maternal and child characteristics. RESULTS Maternal sucrose consumption (mean 49.8 grams/day [SD=12.9]) was inversely associated with mid-childhood Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT-II) non-verbal scores (-1.5 points per 15 grams/day, 95% CI= -2.8, -0.2). Additionally, maternal SSB consumption was inversely associated with mid-childhood cognition, and diet soda was inversely associated with early and mid-childhood cognition scores. Early childhood consumption of SSBs was inversely associated with mid-childhood KBIT-II verbal scores (-2.4 points per serving/day, 95% CI= -4.3, -0.5) while fruit consumption was associated with higher cognitive scores in early and mid-childhood. Maternal and child fructose and juice consumption were not associated with cognition. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, the association between maternal diet soda consumption and mid-childhood KBIT-II verbal scores remained significant. CONCLUSIONS Sugar consumption, especially from SSBs, during pregnancy and childhood, and maternal diet soda consumption may adversely impact child cognition, while child fruit consumption may lead to improvements. Interventions and policies that promote healthier diets may prevent adverse effects on childhood cognition.
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Is the intake of sugar-containing beverages during adolescence related to adult weight status?
Stoof, SP, Twisk, JW, Olthof, MR
Public health nutrition. 2013;(7):1257-62
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between the intake of sugar-containing beverages (SCB) at the age of 13 years and adult weight status 24–30 years later. DESIGN A longitudinal study with 30 years of follow-up from adolescence (age 13 years in 1976) to adulthood (up to 2000 and 2006). Dietary intake was assessed through cross-check dietary history face-to-face interviews by a dietitian. Beverages were divided into two categories: (i) total SCB and (ii) SCB excluding 100% fruit juices. Percentage of total fat (%total fat) and percentage of trunk fat (%trunk fat) were obtained through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements; body weight and height were measured by trained staff. SETTING Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study, the Netherlands. SUBJECTS One hundred and fourteen males and 124 females. RESULTS In males, but not in females, each additional daily serving of SCB excluding 100% fruit juices at 13 years was associated with 1?14% higher %total fat (95% CI 0?04, 2?23 %; P50?04) and 1?62% higher %trunk fat (95% CI 0?14, 3?10 %; P50?03) in adulthood after correction for confounders. No statistically significant relationship was found between the intake of SCB excluding 100% fruit juices at the age of 13 and BMI in both sexes. In addition, no statistically significant relationships were found between the intake of total SCB and all measures of adult weight status in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Intake of SCB excluding 100% fruit juices at the age of 13 years was positively associated with adult %total fat and %trunk fat in males, but not in females.
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Case study: beverage temperature at aid stations in ironman triathlon.
Burdon, CA, Johnson, NA, Chapman, PG, Munir Che Muhamed, A, O'Connor, HT
International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. 2013;(4):418-24
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to measure the effect of environmental conditions and aid-station beverage- cooling practices on the temperature of competitor beverages. METHODS Environmental and beverage temperatures were measured at three cycling and two run course aid stations at the 2010 Langkawi, Malaysia (MA), and Port Macquarie, Australia (AU), Ironman triathlon events. To measure the specific effect of radiant temperature, additional fluid-filled (600 ml) drink bottles (n = 12) were cooled overnight (C) and then placed in direct sun (n = 6) or shade (n = 6) near to a cycle aid station at AU. RESULTS During both events, beverage temperature increased over time (p < .05) as environmental conditions, particularly radiant temperature increased (p < .05). Mean beverage temperature ranged between 14-26°C and during both events was above the palatable range (15-22°C) for extended periods. At AU, bottles placed in direct sunlight heated faster (6.9 ± 2.3 °C·h-1) than those in the shade (4.8 ±1.1°C·h-1, p = .05). CONCLUSION Simple changes to Ironman aid-station practices, including shade and chilling beverages with ice, result in the provision of cooler beverages. Future studies should investigate whether provision of cool beverages at prolonged endurance events influences heat-illness incidence, beverage-consumption patterns, and competitor performance.