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Oxidative stress and motion sickness in one crew during competitive offshore sailing.
Giacon, TA, Bosco, G, Vezzoli, A, Dellanoce, C, Cialoni, D, Paganini, M, Mrakic-Sposta, S
Scientific reports. 2022;(1):1142
Abstract
Competitive Offshore Ocean Sailing is a highly demanding activity in which subjects are exposed to psychophysical stressors for a long time. To better define the physiological adaptations, we investigated the stress response of subjects exposed to 3-days long ocean navigation with disruption of circadian rhythms. 6 male subjects were involved in the study and provided urine and saliva samples before setting sail, during a single day of inshore sailing, during 3-days long ocean navigation, and at the arrival, to measure oxidative stress, cortisol, nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) and metabolic response. Motion Sickness questionnaires were also administered during the navigation. The crew suffered a mean weight loss of 1.58 kg. After the long navigation, a significant increase in ROS production and decrease in total antioxidant capacity and uric acid levels were observed. Lipid peroxidation, NO metabolites, ketones, creatinine, and neopterin levels were also increased. Furthermore, a significant increase in cortisol levels was measured. Finally, we found a correlation between motion sickness questionnaires with the increase of NOx, and no correlation with cortisol levels. Physical and psychological stress response derived from offshore sailing resulted in increased oxidative stress, nitric oxide metabolites, and cortisol levels, unbalanced redox status, transient renal function impairment, and ketosis. A direct correlation between motion sickness symptoms evaluated through questionnaires and NOx levels was also found.
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Circadian Rhythms in Resting Metabolic Rate Account for Apparent Daily Rhythms in the Thermic Effect of Food.
Ruddick-Collins, LC, Flanagan, A, Johnston, JD, Morgan, PJ, Johnstone, AM
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2022;(2):e708-e715
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CONTEXT Daily variation in the thermic effect of food (TEF) is commonly reported and proposed as a contributing factor to weight gain with late eating. However, underlying circadian variability in resting metabolic rate (RMR) is an overlooked factor when calculating TEF associated with eating at different times of the day. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to determine whether methodological approaches to calculating TEF contribute to the reported phenomena of daily variation in TEF. METHODS Fourteen overweight to obese but otherwise healthy individuals had their resting and postprandial energy expenditure (EE) measured over 15.5 hours at a clinical research unit. TEF was calculated for breakfast, lunch, and dinner using standard methods (above a baseline and premeal RMR measure) and compared to a method incorporating a circadian RMR by which RMR was derived from a sinusoid curve model and TEF was calculated over and above the continuously changing RMR. Main outcome measures were TEF at breakfast, lunch, and dinner calculated by different methods. RESULTS Standard methods of calculating TEF above a premeal measured RMR showed that morning TEF (60.8 kcal ± 5.6) (mean ± SEM) was 1.6 times greater than TEF at lunch (36.3 kcal ± 8.4) and 2.4 times greater than dinner TEF (25.2 kcal ± 9.6) (P = .022). However, adjusting for modeled circadian RMR nullified any differences between breakfast (54.1 kcal ± 30.8), lunch (49.5 kcal ± 29.4), and dinner (49.1 kcal ± 25.7) (P = .680). CONCLUSION Differences in TEF between morning and evening can be explained by the underlying circadian resting EE, which is independent of an acute effect of eating.
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Association of sleep and circadian patterns and genetic risk with incident type 2 diabetes: a large prospective population-based cohort study.
Li, ZH, Zhang, PD, Chen, Q, Gao, X, Chung, VCH, Shen, D, Zhang, XR, Zhong, WF, Huang, QM, Liu, D, et al
European journal of endocrinology. 2021;(5):765-774
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk with sleep factors, genetic risk, and their combination effects. DESIGN Large prospective population-based cohort study. METHODS This population-based prospective cohort study included 360 403 (mean (s.d.) age: 56.6 (8.0) years) participants without T2D at baseline from the UK Biobank. Genetic risk was categorised as high (highest quintile), intermediate (quintiles: 2-4), and low (lowest quintile) based on a polygenic risk score for T2D. Sleep scores, including long or short sleep duration, insomnia, snoring, late chronotype, and excessive daytime sleepiness, were categorized as an unfavourable, intermediate, or favourable sleep and circadian pattern. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 9.0 years, 13 120 incident T2D cases were recorded. Among the participants with an unfavourable sleep and circadian pattern, 6.96% (95% CI: 6.68-7.24%) developed T2D vs 2.37% (95% CI: 2.28-2.46%) of participants with a favourable sleep and circadian pattern (adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 1.53, 95% CI: 1.45-1.62). Of participants with a high genetic risk, 5.53% (95% CI: 5.36-5.69%) developed T2D vs 2.01% (95% CI: 1.91-2.11%) of participants with a low genetic risk (adjusted HR: 2.89, 95% CI: 2.72-3.07). The association with sleep and circadian patterns was independent of genetic risk strata. Participants in the lowest quintile with an unfavourable sleep and circadian pattern were 3.97-fold more likely to develop T2D than those in the lowest quintile with a favourable sleep and circadian pattern. CONCLUSIONS Sleep and circadian patterns and genetic risk were independently associated with incident T2D. These results indicate the benefits of adhering to a healthy sleep and circadian pattern in entire populations, independent of genetic risk.
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Factors Disrupting Melatonin Secretion Rhythms During Critical Illness.
Maas, MB, Lizza, BD, Abbott, SM, Liotta, EM, Gendy, M, Eed, J, Naidech, AM, Reid, KJ, Zee, PC
Critical care medicine. 2020;(6):854-861
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OBJECTIVES The circadian system modulates many important physiologic processes, synchronizing tissue-specific functions throughout the body. We sought to characterize acute alterations of circadian rhythms in critically ill patients and to evaluate associations between brain dysfunction, systemic multiple organ dysfunction, environmental stimuli that entrain the circadian rhythm (zeitgebers), rest-activity rhythms, and the central circadian rhythm-controlled melatonin secretion profile. DESIGN Prospective study observing a cohort for 24-48 hours beginning within the first day of ICU admission. SETTING Multiple specialized ICUs within an academic medical center. PATIENTS Patients presenting from the community with acute onset of either intracerebral hemorrhage as a representative neurologic critical illness or sepsis as a representative systemic critical illness. Healthy control patients were studied in using modified constant routine in a clinical research unit. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Light, feeding, activity, medications, and other treatment exposures were evaluated along with validated measures of encephalopathy (Glasgow Coma Scale), multiple organ system function (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score), and circadian rhythms (profiles of serum melatonin and its urinary metabolite 6-sulphatoxymelatonin). We studied 112 critically ill patients, including 53 with sepsis and 59 with intracerebral hemorrhage. Environmental exposures were abnormal, including light (dim), nutritional intake (reduced or absent and mistimed), and arousal stimuli (increased and mistimed). Melatonin amplitude and acrophase timing were generally preserved in awake patients but dampened and delayed with increasing encephalopathy severity. Melatonin hypersecretion was observed in patients exposed to catecholamine vasopressor infusions, but unaffected by sedatives. Change in vasopressor exposure was the only factor associated with changes in melatonin rhythms between days 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS Encephalopathy severity and adrenergic agonist medication exposure were the primary factors contributing to abnormal melatonin rhythms. Improvements in encephalopathy and medical stabilization did not rapidly normalize rhythms. Urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin is not a reliable measure of the central circadian rhythm in critically ill patients.
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Effect of diurnal intermittent fasting during Ramadan on ghrelin, leptin, melatonin, and cortisol levels among overweight and obese subjects: A prospective observational study.
Al-Rawi, N, Madkour, M, Jahrami, H, Salahat, D, Alhasan, F, BaHammam, A, Al-Islam Faris, M
PloS one. 2020;(8):e0237922
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levels of cortisol, melatonin, ghrelin, and leptin are highly correlated with circadian rhythmicity. The levels of these hormones are affected by sleep, feeding, and general behaviors, and fluctuate with light and dark cycles. During the fasting month of Ramadan, a shift to nighttime eating is expected to affect circadian rhythm hormones and, subsequently, the levels of melatonin, cortisol, ghrelin, and leptin. The present study aimed to examine the effect of diurnal intermittent fasting (DIF) during Ramadan on daytime levels of ghrelin, leptin, melatonin, and cortisol hormones in a group of overweight and obese subjects, and to determine how anthropometric, dietary, and lifestyle changes during the month of Ramadan correlate with these hormonal changes. METHODS Fifty-seven overweight and obese male (40) and female (17) subjects were enrolled in this study. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, sleep duration, and hormonal levels of serum ghrelin, leptin, melatonin, and salivary cortisol were assessed one week before the start of Ramadan fasting and after 28 days of fasting at fixed times of the day (11:00 am-1:00 pm). RESULTS At the end of Ramadan, serum levels of ghrelin, melatonin, and leptin significantly (P<0.001) decreased, while salivary cortisol did not change compared to the levels assessed in the pre-fasting state. CONCLUSIONS DIF during Ramadan significantly altered serum levels of ghrelin, melatonin, and serum leptin. Further, male sex and anthropometric variables were the most impacting factors on the tested four hormones. Further studies are needed to assess DIF's impact on the circadian rhythmicity of overweight and obese fasting people.
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Habitual Nightly Fasting Duration, Eating Timing, and Eating Frequency are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk in Women.
Makarem, N, Sears, DD, St-Onge, MP, Zuraikat, FM, Gallo, LC, Talavera, GA, Castaneda, SF, Lai, Y, Mi, J, Aggarwal, B
Nutrients. 2020;(10)
Abstract
Nightly fasting duration (NFD) and eating timing and frequency may influence cardiometabolic health via their impact on circadian rhythms, which are entrained by food intake, but observational studies are limited. This 1-year prospective study of 116 US women (33 ± 12y, 45% Hispanic) investigated associations of habitual NFD and eating timing and frequency with cardiovascular health (CVH; American Heart Association Life's Simple 7 score) and cardiometabolic risk factors. NFD, eating timing and frequency, and nighttime eating levels were evaluated from 1-week electronic food records completed at baseline and 1 y. In multivariable-adjusted linear regression models, longer NFD was associated with poorer CVH (β = -0.22, p = 0.016 and β = -0.22, p = 0.050) and higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β = 1.08, p < 0.01 and β = 1.74, p < 0.01) in cross-sectional and prospective analyses, respectively. Later timing of the first eating occasion at baseline was associated with poorer CVH (β = -0.20, p = 0.013) and higher DBP (β = 1.18, p < 0.01) and fasting glucose (β = 1.43, p = 0.045) at 1 y. After adjustment for baseline outcomes, longer NFD and later eating times were also associated with higher waist circumference (β = 0.35, p = 0.021 and β = 0.27, p < 0.01, respectively). Eating frequency was inversely related to DBP in cross-sectional (β = -1.94, p = 0.033) and prospective analyses (β = -3.37, p < 0.01). In cross-sectional analyses of baseline data and prospective analyses, a higher percentage of daily calories consumed at the largest evening meal was associated with higher DBP (β = 1.69, p = 0.046 and β = 2.32, p = 0.029, respectively). Findings suggest that frequent and earlier eating may lower cardiometabolic risk, while longer NFD may have adverse effects. Results warrant confirmation in larger multi-ethnic cohort studies with longer follow-up periods.
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Is Abdominal Fat Distribution Associated with Chronotype in Adults Independently of Lifestyle Factors?
De Amicis, R, Galasso, L, Leone, A, Vignati, L, De Carlo, G, Foppiani, A, Montaruli, A, Roveda, E, Cè, E, Esposito, F, et al
Nutrients. 2020;(3)
Abstract
Both abdominal obesity and its visceral component are independently associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Among the non-modifiable and modifiable determinants, lifestyle plays a central role, while chronotype is an emerging factor. Evening type (E-Type), more active and efficient in the last part of the day, has been associated with a health-impairing style, resulting in a higher risk of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases than morning type (M-Type). However, no study has examined the contribution of chronotype to abdominal fat distribution, even considering adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD). We conducted a cross-sectional study on 416 adults (69.5% females, 50 ± 13 years). Waist circumference (WC), visceral fat (VAT) using ultrasonography, chronotype through the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), and adherence to MD were studied. Our results showed no differences in WC and VAT between chronotypes. However, adherence to MD resulted significantly lower in the E-Types compared to M-Types. WC decreased with increasing Mediterranean score and rMEQ score, and VAT decreased with increasing rMEQ score, indicating that E-Types have +2 cm of WC and +0.5 cm of VAT compared to M-Types. In conclusion, these results showed that chronotype is independently associated with abdominal obesity and visceral fat, underlining the potential implications of the individual circadian typology on abdominal obesity.
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Association between maternal fermented food consumption and infant sleep duration: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.
Sugimori, N, Hamazaki, K, Matsumura, K, Kasamatsu, H, Tsuchida, A, Inadera, H, ,
PloS one. 2019;(10):e0222792
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that human circadian rhythm is affected by the intestinal microbiota, and establishment of the circadian rhythm begins during fetal development. However, the relationship between maternal fermented food intake and infant sleep duration has not been previously investigated. In this study, we examined whether dietary consumption of fermented food during pregnancy is associated with infant sleep duration at 1 year of age. METHODS This birth cohort study used data from a nationwide government-funded study called The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). After exclusions from a dataset comprising 104,065 JECS records, we evaluated 72,624 mother-child pairs where the child was 1 year old. We investigated the association between dietary intake of fermented foods during pregnancy and infant sleep duration of less than 11 h at 1 year of age. RESULTS Multivariable logistic regression showed that maternal intake of fermented food, especially miso, during the pregnancy was independently associated with reduced risk of infant sleep duration of less than 11 h. CONCLUSIONS Further research, including interventional studies, is warranted to confirm the association between consumption of fermented foods during pregnancy and sufficient infant sleep duration. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN000030786.
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Effects of daytime versus night-time cesarean deliveries on Stage II lactogenesis.
İlhan, G, Atmaca, FV, Çümen, A, Zebitay, AG, Güngör, ES, Karasu, AFG
The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research. 2018;(4):717-722
Abstract
AIM: The circadian timing system has a rhythm and one of the roles of this system is the mediation of hormonal and metabolic adaptations to lactation. This study was conducted to determine whether the time to stage II lactogenesis differed in women who underwent cesarean section (CS) in the daytime (DT) or night-time (NT). METHODS This study was conducted at Süleymaniye Research and Education Hospital between June and December 2016. Two hundred and eighty-eight mothers who had a cesarean delivery and their healthy singleton neonates were included. Clinical and demographic data of the mothers and neonates, time of initiation of breastfeeding and time to stage II lactogenesis were analyzed according to DT or NT CS groups. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in age, gravida, parity, body mass index, week of gestation at birth, postoperative hemoglobin level, cesarean indications, anesthesia type, previous history of breastfeeding, transfusion need, Apgar scores or birth weight-height of neonates between the DT and NT CS groups. While the time of initiation of breastfeeding did not differ statistically in terms of DT or NT CS groups, the time to stage II lactogenesis was significantly longer in the NT CS group. CONCLUSIONS NT cesarean delivery is a risk factor for the delayed onset of lactogenesis. The results of this study may be useful to clinical practitioners counseling mothers who undergo NT cesarean delivery.
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Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat.
McHill, AW, Phillips, AJ, Czeisler, CA, Keating, L, Yee, K, Barger, LK, Garaulet, M, Scheer, FA, Klerman, EB
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2017;(5):1213-1219
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Background: Weight gain and obesity have reached alarming levels. Eating at a later clock hour is a newly described risk factor for adverse metabolic health; yet, how eating at a later circadian time influences body composition is unknown. Using clock hour to document eating times may be misleading owing to individual differences in circadian timing relative to clock hour.Objective: This study examined the relations between the timing of food consumption relative to clock hour and endogenous circadian time, content of food intake, and body composition.Design: We enrolled 110 participants, aged 18-22 y, in a 30-d cross-sectional study to document sleep and circadian behaviors within their regular daily routines. We used a time-stamped-picture mobile phone application to record all food intake across 7 consecutive days during a participant's regular daily routines and assessed their body composition and timing of melatonin release during an in-laboratory assessment.Results: Nonlean individuals (high body fat) consumed most of their calories 1.1 h closer to melatonin onset, which heralds the beginning of the biological night, than did lean individuals (low body fat) (log-rank P = 0.009). In contrast, there were no differences between lean and nonlean individuals in the clock hour of food consumption (P = 0.72). Multiple regression analysis showed that the timing of food intake relative to melatonin onset was significantly associated with the percentage of body fat and body mass index (both P < 0.05) while controlling for sex, whereas no relations were found between the clock hour of food intake, caloric amount, meal macronutrient composition, activity or exercise level, or sleep duration and either of these body composition measures (all P > 0.72).Conclusions: These results provide evidence that the consumption of food during the circadian evening and/or night, independent of more traditional risk factors such as amount or content of food intake and activity level, plays an important role in body composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02846077.