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Trabecular bone score may indicate chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) phenotypes in hemodialysis patients: a prospective observational study.
Yun, HJ, Ryoo, SR, Kim, JE, Choi, YJ, Park, I, Shin, GT, Kim, H, Jeong, JC
BMC nephrology. 2020;(1):299
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the general population, the trabecular bone score (TBS) represents the bone microarchitecture and predicts fracture risk independent of bone mineral density (BMD). A few studies reported that TBS is significantly reduced in dialysis patients. Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) are accompanied by increased fracture risk, cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality. We investigated whether TBS is associated with comorbidity related to CKD-MBD or frailty in hemodialysis patients. METHODS In this prospective observational study, TBS was obtained using the TBS iNsight software program (Med-Imaps) with BMD dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images (L1-L4) from prevalent hemodialysis patients. A Tilburg frailty indicator was used to evaluate frailty, and hand grip strength and bio-impedance (InBody) were measured. A patient-generated subjective global assessment (PG-SGA) was used for nutritional assessment. The history of cardiovascular events (CVE) and demographic, clinical, laboratory, and biomarker data were collated. We then followed up patients for the occurrence of CKD-MBD related complications. RESULTS We enrolled 57 patients in total. The mean age was 56.8 ± 15.9 years (50.9% female). Prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) was 40.4% and CVE was 36.8%. Mean TBS was 1.44 ± 0.10. TBS significantly reduced in the CVE group (1.38 ± 0.08 vs. 1.48 ± 0.10, p < 0.001). Multivariable regression analysis was conducted adjusting for age, sex, dialysis vintage, DM, CVE, albumin, intact parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23, handgrip strength, and phosphate binder dose. Age (ß = - 0.030; p = 0.001) and CVE (ß = - 0.055; p = 0.024) were significant predictors of TBS. During the follow up period after TBS measurements (about 20 months), four deaths, seven incident fractures, and six new onset CVE were recorded. Lower TBS was associated with mortality (p = 0.049) or new onset fracture (p = 0.007, by log-rank test). CONCLUSION Lower TBS was independently associated with increased age and CVE prevalence in hemodialysis patients. Mortality and fracture incidence were significantly higher in patients with lower TBS values. These findings suggest that TBS may indicate a phenotype of frailty and also a CKD-MBD phenotype reciprocal to CVE.
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Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior 6 Months After Musculoskeletal Trauma: What Factors Predict Recovery?
Ekegren, CL, Climie, RE, Simpson, PM, Owen, N, Dunstan, DW, Veitch, W, Gabbe, BJ
Physical therapy. 2020;(2):332-345
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity is increasingly recognized as an important marker of functional recovery following fracture. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to measure sedentary behavior and physical activity 2 weeks and 6 months following fracture and to determine associated demographic and injury factors. DESIGN This was an observational study. METHODS Two weeks and 6 months following fracture, 83 adults who were 18 to 69 years old and had upper limb (UL) or lower limb (LL) fractures wore an accelerometer and an inclinometer for 10 days. We calculated sitting time, steps, moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA), and vigorous-intensity physical activity and conducted linear mixed-effects multivariable regression analyses to determine factors associated with temporal changes in activity. RESULTS At 6 months versus 2 weeks after fracture, participants sat less, took more steps, and engaged in more MPA. Participants with LL fractures sat 2 hours more, took 66% fewer steps, and engaged in 77% less MPA than participants with UL fractures. Greater reductions in sitting time were observed for participants in the youngest age group and with LL fractures, participants with high preinjury activity, and participants who were overweight or obese. For steps, greater improvement was observed for participants in the youngest and middle-aged groups and those with LL fractures. For MPA, greater improvement was observed for middle-aged participants and those with LL fractures. LIMITATIONS Although this study was sufficiently powered for the analysis of major categories, a convenience sample that may not be representative of all people with musculoskeletal trauma was used. CONCLUSIONS Working-age adults with LL fractures had lower levels of physical activity 6 months after fracture than those with UL fractures. Older adults showed less improvement over time, suggesting that they are an important target group for interventions aimed at regaining preinjury activity levels.
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Prevalence of reduced bone mineral density in adults with coeliac disease - are we missing opportunities for detection in patients below 50 years of age?
Pritchard, L, Wilson, S, Griffin, J, Pearce, G, Murray, IA, Lewis, S
Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. 2018;(12):1433-1436
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are little data on the prevalence of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in young adult patients with coeliac disease; guidelines do not support routine investigation of these patients. We assessed the prevalence of reduced BMD in our patients by age. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective observational study of 260 coeliac patients having DXA one year after commencing gluten-free diet. Nonparametric tests and regression were used. RESULTS Median age was 51years, BMI 24 and 85 (32.7%) were male. Reduced BMD was associated with increasing age (p < .001), female sex (p = .005), low BMI (p < .001) and previous fracture (p < .01); 49% of all patients and all patients under 20 years old had reduced BMD. The median age of patients with BMI <20 kgm2 was 56 (27, 70) years with the majority of younger patients having normal BMI. CONCLUSIONS Low BMD is a common finding in young patients with coeliac disease, yet routine assessment of BMD is not currently supported by national guidelines. Early identification may improve motivation to comply with GFD and allow adequate calcium and vitamin D supplementation to reduce risk of fracture later in life.
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Secular trends in fracture incidence in the UK between 1990 and 2012.
van der Velde, RY, Wyers, CE, Curtis, EM, Geusens, PPMM, van den Bergh, JPW, de Vries, F, Cooper, C, van Staa, TP, Harvey, NC
Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2016;(11):3197-3206
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Abstract
UNLABELLED We studied sex-specific incidence rates in a population 50 years or older in the UK. In the period of 1990-2012, the overall rate of fracture did not change, but there were marked secular alterations in the rates of individual fracture types, particularly hip and spine fractures in the elderly. INTRODUCTION There is increasing evidence of secular changes in age- and sex- adjusted fracture incidence globally. Such observations broadly suggest decreasing rates in developed countries and increasing rates in transitioning populations. Since altered fracture rates have major implications for healthcare provision and planning, we investigated secular changes to age- and sex-adjusted fracture risk amongst the UK population aged 50 years or above from 1990 till 2012. METHODS We undertook a retrospective observational study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), which contains the health records of 6.9 % of the UK population. Site-specific fracture incidence was calculated by calendar year for men and women separately, with fracture type categorised according to ICD-9 classification. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate mean annualised change in absolute incidence. For presentational purposes, mean rates in the first 5 years and last 5 years of the period were calculated. RESULTS Overall fracture incidence was unchanged in both women and men from 1990 to 2012. The incidence of hip fracture remained stable amongst women (1990-1994 33.8 per 10,000 py; 2008-2012 33.5 per 10,000 py; p trend annualised change in incidence = 0.80) but rose in men across the same period (10.8 to 13.4 per 10,000 py; p = 0.002). Clinical vertebral fractures became more common in women (8.9 to 11.8 per 10,000 py; p = 0.005) but remained comparable in men (4.6 to 5.9 per 10,000 py; p = 0.72). Similarly, the frequency of radius/ulna fractures did not change in men (9.6 to 9.6 per 10,000 py; p = 0.25), but, in contrast, became less frequent in women (50.4 to 41.2 per 10,000 py; p = 0.001). Secular trends amongst fractures of the carpus, scapula, humerus, foot, pelvis, skull, clavicle, ankle, patella, and ribs varied according to fracture site and sex. CONCLUSION Although overall sex-specific fracture incidence in the UK population 50 years or over appears to have remained stable over the last two decades, there have been noticeable changes in rates of individual fracture types. Given that the impact of a fracture on morbidity, mortality, and health economy varies according to fracture site, these data inform the provision of healthcare services in the UK and elsewhere.
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Cancer and bone fractures in observational follow-up of the RECORD study.
Jones, NP, Curtis, PS, Home, PD
Acta diabetologica. 2015;(3):539-46
Abstract
AIMS: The RECORD study evaluated the effects of rosiglitazone on cardiovascular outcomes. A 4-year observational follow-up was added to the study to monitor the occurrence of cancer and bone fractures. We present the cancer and bone fracture data aggregated across the main study and its observational follow-up. METHODS RECORD was a multicentre, open-label trial in people with type 2 diabetes on metformin or sulfonylurea monotherapy randomly assigned to addition of rosiglitazone (n = 2,220) or to a combination of metformin and sulfonylurea (n = 2,227). At the end of the main study, patients stopped study drug and were invited to enter the observational follow-up during which glucose-lowering treatment was selected by the patient's physician. Serious adverse events of cancer and serious and non-serious events of bone fracture were recorded. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00379769. RESULTS Of the 4,447 patients comprising the intent-to-treat population, 2,546 entered the observational follow-up (1,288 rosiglitazone, 1,258 metformin/sulfonylurea) and added 9,336 patient-years experience to the main RECORD study, making an aggregate of 33,744 patient-years. Based on the totality of follow-up, malignancies were reported in 179 of 2,220 patients (8.1 %) in the group originally randomised to rosiglitazone and in 195 of 2,227 patients (8.8 %) in the group allocated metformin/sulfonylurea [relative risk, RR, 0.92 (95 % CI 0.76-1.12)]. More patients reported bone fractures in the rosiglitazone group (238, 10.7 %) than in the metformin/sulfonylurea control [151, 6.8 %; RR 1.58 (1.30-1.92)]. For women, the corresponding figures were rosiglitazone 156 (14.5 %), metformin/sulfonylurea 91 (8.5 %), RR 1.71 (1.34-2.18), and for men, the corresponding figures were rosiglitazone 82 (7.2 %), metformin/sulfonylurea 60 (5.2 %), RR 1.37 (0.99-1.90). Potentially high-morbidity fractures (hip, pelvis, femur, and spine) occurred in the same number of patients (31, 1.4 %) in the two treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that data from a 4-year observational follow-up, combined with the main RECORD study data, do not suggest an increased risk of cancer in patients randomised to rosiglitazone combination use compared with those randomised to metformin/sulfonylurea. Consistent with the main study, rosiglitazone is associated with an increased risk of peripheral bone fracture in women, and probably in men, but the combined data do not suggest an increase in potentially high-morbidity (hip, pelvis, femur, and spine) fractures.
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Danish register-based study on the association between specific cardiovascular drugs and fragility fractures.
Torstensson, M, Hansen, AH, Leth-Møller, K, Jørgensen, TS, Sahlberg, M, Andersson, C, Kristensen, KE, Ryg, J, Weeke, P, Torp-Pedersen, C, et al
BMJ open. 2015;(12):e009522
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether drugs used in treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD-drugs), including hypertension, increase the risk of fragility fractures in individuals above the age of 65 years. DESIGN Retrospective nationwide cohort study. SETTING Danish nationwide national registers. PARTICIPANTS All individuals in Denmark ≥ 65 years who used specified CVD-drugs in the study period between 1999 and 2012. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Time-dependent exposure to CVD-drugs (nitrates, digoxin, thiazides, furosemide, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, β-blockers, calcium antagonists and statins) was determined by prescription claims from pharmacies. The association between use of specific CVD-drugs and fragility fractures was assessed using multivariable Poisson regression models, and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated. RESULTS Overall, 1,586,554 persons were included, of these 16.1% experienced a fall-related fracture. The multivariable Poisson regression analysis showed positive associations between fracture and treatment with furosemide, thiazide and digoxin. IRRs during the first 14 days of treatment were for furosemide IRR 1.74 (95% CI 1.61 to 1.89) and for thiazides IRR 1.41 (1.28 to 1.55); IRR during the first 30 days of treatment with digoxin was 1.18 (1.02 to 1.37). CONCLUSIONS Use of furosemide, thiazides and digoxin was associated with elevated rates of fragility fractures among elderly individuals. This may warrant consideration when considering diuretic treatment of hypertension in elderly individuals.
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Fracture incidence in pre- and postmenopausal women after completion of adjuvant hormonal therapy for breast cancer.
Koopal, C, Janssen-Heijnen, ML, van de Wouw, AJ, van den Bergh, JP
Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2015;(2):153-8
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the effect of hormonal therapy (HT) on fracture risk during treatment of breast cancer is established, information about fracture incidence after completion of HT is scarce. In this hospital based observational study we evaluated fracture rates after completion of HT in pre- and postmenopausal women with breast cancer. METHODS All women diagnosed with breast cancer in the VieCuri Medical Center between 1998 and 2005 who started adjuvant HT with aromatase inhibitors or tamoxifen were included (n = 289). Data on fracture rate, fracture type and risk factors for fracture after completion of HT were collected. RESULTS The overall fracture rate was 12% in pre- and 15% in postmenopausal women respectively during an average follow-up of 3.1 ± 2.9 years. The number of patients with at least one fracture was 41 (14%). There was no difference in fracture rates between different types of HT (P = 0.15). The most common types of fractures were toe/finger fractures in premenopausal- and hip and major fractures in postmenopausal women. Median time to first fracture was shorter in premenopausal women (1.4 years, IQR 0.2-3.5) than in postmenopausal women (2.4 years, IQR 0.7-5.1, P = 0.01). A history of previous fracture was a significant risk factor for fracture in postmenopausal women (HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.3-11.7). CONCLUSION Fracture rates in the first years after cessation of HT for breast cancer were 12% and 15% for pre- and postmenopausal women respectively. The most common fractures in postmenopausal women were hip and major fractures.
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Ankle-brachial index, risk of clinical fractures, mortality and low bone mass in nursing home residents.
Peláez, VC, Ausín, L, Ruiz Mambrilla, M, Gonzalez-Sagrado, M, Pérez Castrillón, JL
European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2015;(9):1577-82
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether the ankle-brachial index is related to functional impairment, clinical fractures and mortality in nursing home residents, and whether this effect is associated or not with low bone mass. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective, observational, non-interventional cohort study in non-dependent nursing home residents. The following determinations were made: BUN, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, phosphorous 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone and cystatin C in blood and microalbuminuria in urine. Bone mass was determined by measuring the peripheral densitometry of the calcaneus. The Katz Index of independence, the Tinetti Balance and Gait evaluation and functional tests were administered. The ankle-brachial index was measured and patients divided into three groups (ankle-brachial index > 1.40, 1.40-0.90, and < 0.90). Clinical fractures and general and vascular mortality were measured for 20 months. RESULTS Seventy-two patients were included. There was an inverse relationship between age and the ankle-brachial index (p = 0.022) but no association with bone mass, biochemical tests, clinical fractures and the degree of independence. There was increased mortality in patients with increased or reduced ABI. CONCLUSIONS An altered ankle-brachial index is a marker of vascular mortality in elderly nursing home residents.