-
1.
Young children formula consumption and iron deficiency at 24 months in the general population: A national-level study.
Sacri, AS, Bocquet, A, de Montalembert, M, Hercberg, S, Gouya, L, Blondel, B, Ganon, A, Hebel, P, Vincelet, C, Thollot, F, et al
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2021;(1):166-173
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Iron deficiency (ID) is considered the most frequent micronutrient deficiency in industrialized countries where strategies for its primary prevention vary widely and are insufficiently evaluated. We aimed to study the effectiveness for iron status of a national iron deficiency prevention strategy based on recommendations for young-child formula (YCF) use after age 12 months, taking into consideration other sources of iron and the family's socio-economic status. METHODS In a cross-sectional observational study conducted in primary care pediatrician offices throughout France from 2016 to 2017, infants aged 24 months were consecutively included for a food survey and blood sampling. Associations between YCF consumption and serum ferritin (SF) level were studied by multivariable regression after adjustment on sociodemographic, perinatal and dietary characteristics, notably other intakes of iron. RESULTS Among the 561 infants analyzed, the ID prevalence was 6.6% (37/561; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.7-9.0). Daily iron intake excluding YCF and total daily iron intake including YCF were below the 5-mg/day recommended average requirements for 63% and 18% of children, respectively. ID frequency was significantly decreased (or SF level was independently higher) with any YCF consumption after age 10 months (odds ratio 0.15, 95% CI 0.07-0.31), current YCF consumption at age 24 months (median SF level 29 vs 21 μg/L if none), prolonged YCF consumption (28 μg/L if >12 months vs 17 μg/L if none), and increasing daily volume of YCF consumed at age 24 months from a small volume (e.g., 29 μg/L if <100 mL/day vs 21 μg/L if none). CONCLUSIONS Current or past YCF use was independently associated with a better iron status at age 24 months than non-use. The strategy recommending YCF use at weaning after age 12 months seems effective in the general population. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT02484274.
-
2.
Growth of term infants fed a commercial infant formula with a protein content of 2.2 g/100 kcal: an observational follow-up study.
Jinno, S, Yamazaki, K, Nakamura, Y, Kinouchi, T
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry. 2020;(3):633-639
Abstract
To evaluate the suitability of the new nutritional composition of renewed commercial Formula A (protein reduced to 2.2 g/100 kcal, arachidonic acid increased to 13.2 mg/100 kcal, and docosahexaenoic acid maintained at 20 mg/100 kcal), we examined whether the growth of Formula A-fed infants was equivalent to that of breastfed infants. In this observational study, 1,053 infants were followed-up to 12 months. Growth, stool consistency, and the health condition of 99 infants fed with Formula A and 295 breastfed infants were compared. Body weight, body mass index, and head circumference of Formula A-fed infants were similar to those of breastfed infants. Additionally, there were no differences in the stool consistency and the health condition (infection and allergy prevalence) between the two groups. Formula A-fed infants grew as well as breastfed infants, suggesting the appropriate nutritional composition of Formula A. The findings may contribute to further improvements in infant formulas.
-
3.
Reduced crying and favourable stool characteristics in Chinese infants fed milk fat-based formula.
Sheng, XY, Buthmanaban, V, Vonk, MM, Feitsma, AL, Parikh, P
Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 2020;(1):144-151
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Chinese infants consuming four different commercially-available infant formulas were evaluated on gut comfort and stool consistency parameters. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN Gut comfort characteristics were evaluated during a 7-day cross-sectional observational study in 409 healthy, term, exclusively formula-fed infants via questionnaires and fecal parameters. RESULTS The stool consistency and color scores were different between the infants consuming one of the four commercially-available infant formulas including different fat sources, i.e. one milk fat-based (IF1), two structured vegetable fat blend-based (IF2 and IF4) and one palm oil-free vegetable fat blend-based (IF3). The scoring pattern showed more 'soft-formed' stools for IF1- consuming infants compared to infants consuming IF2, IF3 or IF4. In addition, a lower amount of green feces was observed in combination with an increase in golden-colored feces for IF1-consuming infants compared to the other groups. Furthermore, IF1-consuming infants reported less fussy/crying time during the night and less gut discomfort. Infants consuming milk fat-based IF1 showed significantly lower fatty acid soaps compared to palmoil free IF3-fed infants. CONCLUSIONS Infants consuming milk fat-based IF1 experienced less gut discomfort compared to infants consuming other commercially-available infant formula. Lower fecal fatty acid soap levels, fussy/crying time during the night and gut discomfort were observed. These findings contribute to the current understanding of the association between lipid structure and gut comfort parameters. However, the suggested benefits noted cannot be fully linked to the effect of fat blend differences since formulas differ in ingredient-sourcing and processing. Future research should confirm the added benefit of milk fat-based infant formulas to improve gut comfort parameters.
-
4.
Validation of a Breastfeeding History Questionnaire for the Risk of In-Hospital Formula Supplementation Among Multiparous Women.
Bender, WR, Koelper, NC, Sammel, MD, Durnwald, C
Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 2019;(4):665-671
Abstract
BACKGROUND A woman's prior breastfeeding history may influence future decisions regarding infant feeding. Few quantitative tools utilizing this information have been demonstrated to predict breastfeeding success. RESEARCH AIM To evaluate the efficacy of a prenatal breastfeeding history (BAP) questionnaire administered in prenatal care to predict in-hospital formula supplementation among multiparous women. METHODS This is a prospective observational study of multiparous women with singleton pregnancies who presented to a Baby-Friendly urban tertiary care center for 1st prenatal visit at < 20 weeks' gestation. The BAP tool generates a numerical score, with higher score (≥ 2) indicating prior successful breastfeeding experiences. The primary outcome was occurrence of non-medically indicated formula supplementation during the postpartum hospital stay. Student's t test and Pearson's chi-square test were used to compare continuous and categorical variables. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the relationship of BAP score to formula supplementation. Of 587 women screened, 433 (73.8%) mother-infant dyads were analyzed. RESULTS Rates of formula supplementation in women with BAP scores ≤ 1 were 67% (156/234) compared with 37% (73/199) in women with higher scores (p < 0.0001). After controlling for race/ethnicity, insurance, and obesity, women with BAP scores of ≤ 1 were 2.6 times more likely to supplement formula than women with higher scores (aOR 2.62, 95% CI [1.70, 4.04], p < .0001). CONCLUSION In this prospective validation study, women with negative prior breastfeeding experiences, as evidenced by a lower BAP score, were more likely to supplement formula during the postpartum hospital stay.
-
5.
Daily Intake of Milk Powder and Risk of Celiac Disease in Early Childhood: A Nested Case-Control Study.
Hård Af Segerstad, EM, Lee, HS, Andrén Aronsson, C, Yang, J, Uusitalo, U, Sjöholm, I, Rayner, M, Kurppa, K, Virtanen, SM, Norris, JM, et al
Nutrients. 2018;(5)
Abstract
Milk powder and gluten are common components in Swedish infants' diets. Whereas large intakes of gluten early in life increases the risk of celiac disease in genetically at-risk Swedish children, no study has yet evaluated if intake of milk powder by 2 years of age is associated with celiac disease. A 1-to-3 nested case-control study, comprised of 207 celiac disease children and 621 controls matched for sex, birth year, and HLA genotype, was performed on a birth cohort of HLA-DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8-positive children. Subjects were screened annually for celiac disease using tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA). Three-day food records estimated the mean intake of milk powder at ages 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months. Conditional logistic regression calculated odds ratios (OR) at last intake prior to seroconversion of tTGA positivity, and for each time-point respectively and adjusted for having a first-degree relative with celiac disease and gluten intake. Intake of milk powder prior to seroconversion of tTGA positivity was not associated with celiac disease (OR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.99, 1.03; p = 0.763). In conclusion, intake of milk powder in early childhood is not associated with celiac disease in genetically susceptible children.
-
6.
Multiple functional gastrointestinal disorders are frequent in formula-fed infants and decrease their quality of life.
Bellaiche, M, Oozeer, R, Gerardi-Temporel, G, Faure, C, Vandenplas, Y
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2018;(7):1276-1282
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
AIM: This prospective study evaluated the incidence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) during infancy, on their own or combined with other symptoms. METHODS We asked 273 French paediatricians with a specific interest in FGIDs to provide feedback on 2757 infants aged zero to six months from March 2013 to January 2014. Gastrointestinal health status was assessed by two questionnaires at inclusion and at a four-week follow-up visit. FGIDs were assessed according to the Rome III criteria and quality of life (QoL) was monitored. RESULTS Combined FGIDs were diagnosed in 2145 (78%) infants: 63% with two disorders and 15% with three or more disorders. The most frequently combined FGIDs were gas/bloating and colic (28%), colic and regurgitation (17.0%) and gas/bloating and regurgitation (8%). Compared to infants with a single FGID, combined FGID were associated with lower body weight (4.63 vs 4.79 kg, p = 0.009), shorter breastfeeding duration (33 vs 43 days, p < 0.001), a decreased QoL score (5.9 vs 6.5, p < 0.001), more frequent drug prescriptions (25% vs 13%, p < 0.001) and significantly greater improvements in QoL scores after four weeks (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Combined FGIDs were extremely common in infants up to six months of age and had a negative impact on breastfeeding, weight gain and QoL.
-
7.
Association between Caesarean Delivery and Isolated Doses of Formula Feeding in Cow Milk Allergy.
Gil, F, Amezqueta, A, Martinez, D, Aznal, E, Etayo, V, Durá, T, Sánchez-Valverde, F
International archives of allergy and immunology. 2017;(3):147-152
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow milk allergy (CMA) is the most common food allergy in breastfed infants. The aim of this study is to verify whether certain perinatal factors may influence the development of CMA immunoglobulin E (IgE)+. METHODS A retrospective, observational study of case and control groups was carried out. Information was collected of patients with CMA IgE+ from our department during the years 1990-2013. Patients of the same age and sex were recruited for the control group. Information on the following variables was collected: sex, age, pregnancy tolerance, duration of pregnancy, type of delivery, isolated doses of formula feeding in hospital (FFH), duration of breastfeeding, and family history of allergy (defined as ≥1 first-degree family member with allergic disease). Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression techniques. RESULTS A total of 211 cases were included in this study. Multivariate analysis showed an influence of duration of breastfeeding, FFH to be a risk factor (OR 4.94; 95% CI 2.68-9.08), especially in caesarean delivery (OR 11.82; 95% CI 2.64-47.50), and prematurity (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.09-0.92) to be a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS Perinatal factors play a key role in the development of CMA IgE+, with an influence of breastfeeding duration, FFH and caesarean delivery as risk factors and prematurity as a protective factor. While family history had no important role, environmental factors were more decisive.
-
8.
Modes of Infant Feeding and the Risk of Childhood Asthma: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study.
Klopp, A, Vehling, L, Becker, AB, Subbarao, P, Mandhane, PJ, Turvey, SE, Lefebvre, DL, Sears, MR, , , Azad, MB
The Journal of pediatrics. 2017;:192-199.e2
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether different modes of infant feeding are associated with childhood asthma, including differentiating between direct breastfeeding and expressed breast milk. STUDY DESIGN We studied 3296 children in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development birth cohort. The primary exposure was infant feeding mode at 3 months, reported by mothers and categorized as direct breastfeeding only, breastfeeding with some expressed breast milk, breast milk and formula, or formula only. The primary outcome was asthma at 3 years of age, diagnosed by trained healthcare professionals. RESULTS At 3 months of age, the distribution of feeding modes was 27% direct breastfeeding, 32% breastfeeding with some expressed breast milk, 26% breast milk and formula, and 15% formula only. At 3 years of age, 12% of children were diagnosed with possible or probable asthma. Compared with direct breastfeeding, any other mode of infant feeding was associated with an increased risk of asthma. These associations persisted after adjusting for maternal asthma, ethnicity, method of birth, infant sex, gestational age, and daycare attendance (some expressed breast milk: aOR, 1.64, 95% CI, 1.12-2.39; breast milk and formula, aOR, 1.73, 95% CI, 1.17-2.57; formula only: aOR, 2.14, 95% CI, 1.37-3.35). Results were similar after further adjustment for total breastfeeding duration and respiratory infections. CONCLUSIONS Modes of infant feeding are associated with asthma development. Direct breastfeeding is most protective compared with formula feeding; indirect breast milk confers intermediate protection. Policies that facilitate and promote direct breastfeeding could have impact on the primary prevention of asthma.
-
9.
Sexually dimorphic response to feeding mode in the growth of infants.
Cheng, TS, Loy, SL, Cheung, YB, Chan, JK, Pang, WW, Godfrey, KM, Gluckman, PD, Kwek, K, Saw, SM, Chong, YS, et al
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2016;(2):398-405
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relation between infant feeding and growth has been extensively evaluated, but studies examining sex differences in the influence of infant milk feeding on growth are limited. OBJECTIVE We examined the interaction of infant feeding and sex in relation to infant growth and compared growth trajectories in breastfed and formula-fed boys and girls. DESIGN In 932 infants in a Singapore mother-offspring cohort, feeding practices in the first 6 mo were classified into the breastfeeding group (BF), mixed feeding group (MF), and formula feeding group (FF). Infant weight and length were measured and converted to WHO standards for weight-for-age z scores (WAZs) and length-for-age z scores (LAZs). Differences in WAZ and LAZ from birth to 6 mo, 6 to 12 mo, and 12 to 24 mo of age were calculated. Three-way interactions were examined between feeding mode, sex, and age intervals for WAZ and LAZ changes, with adjustment for confounders. RESULTS The interaction between feeding mode, sex, and age intervals was significant for LAZ changes (P = 0.003) but not WAZ changes (P = 0.103) after adjustment for potential confounders. Compared with BF girls, BF boys showed similar LAZ gain (+0.28 compared with +0.39, P = 0.544) from 0 to 6 mo of age but greater LAZ gain from 6 to 12 mo of age (+0.39 compared with -0.10, P = 0.008). From 0 to 6 mo of age, FF boys and girls showed greater LAZ gains than their BF counterparts; from 6 to 12 mo of age, FF girls showed higher LAZ gain (+0.25 compared with -0.10, P = 0.031) than BF girls, which was not seen in boys. CONCLUSIONS During infancy, there is a sexually dimorphic growth response to the mode of infant milk feeding, raising questions about whether formula feeding ought to remain sex neutral. However, further investigations on sex-specific feeding and infant growth are warranted before a conclusive message can be drawn based on our current findings. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
-
10.
Formula-feeding and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: is there an association? A case-control study.
Wayne, C, Hung, JH, Chan, E, Sedgwick, I, Bass, J, Nasr, A
Journal of pediatric surgery. 2016;(5):779-82
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to determine whether formula-feeding is associated with increased incidence. METHODS This case-control study included HPS cases and controls admitted between 1992 and 2012. Demographic data including feeding method were collected from patient charts and analyzed. RESULTS We identified 882 HPS cases and 955 controls. The highest incidence of HPS presentation was in summer (P=0.0028). Infants with HPS were more likely to have been exclusively formula-fed, have a family history of HPS, and be male compared to infants in the control group (P<0.001); they were also more likely to live in rural areas, although not significantly so. After adjusting for family history, sex, place of residence, and season of presentation, exclusively formula-fed infants were 1.36 times more likely to develop HPS compared with exclusively breastfed infants (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.18-1.57, P<0.005). CONCLUSIONS Formula-feeding is associated with significantly increased risk of HPS. Further investigation may help to determine the components of formula that simulate hypertrophy of the pylorus muscle, or the components of breast milk that are protective, as well as other influencing factors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3b.