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Temporal changes in personal activity intelligence and mortality: Data from the aerobics center longitudinal study.
Nauman, J, Arena, R, Zisko, N, Sui, X, Lavie, CJ, Laukkanen, JA, Blair, SN, Dunn, P, Nes, BM, Tari, AR, et al
Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2021;:127-134
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal activity intelligence (PAI) is a metric developed to simplify a physically active lifestyle for the participants. Regardless of following today's advice for physical activity, a PAI score ≥100 per week at baseline, an increase in PAI score, and a sustained high PAI score over time were found to delay premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in a large population of Norwegians. However, the association between long-term temporal change in PAI and mortality in other populations have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To test whether temporal change in PAI is associated with CVD and all-cause mortality in a large population from the United States. METHODS We studied 17,613 relatively healthy participants who received at least two medical examinations in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study between 1974 and 2002. The participant's weekly PAI scores were estimated twice, and adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for CVD and all-cause mortality related to changes in PAI between baseline and last examination were assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. RESULTS During a median follow-up time of 9.3 years [interquartile range, 2.6-16.6; 181,765 person-years], there were 1144 deaths, including 400 CVD deaths. We observed an inverse linear association between change in PAI and risk of CVD mortality (P=0.007 for linear trend, and P=0.35 for quadratic trend). Compared to participants with zero PAI at both examinations, multivariable-adjusted analyses demonstrated that participants who maintained high PAI scores (≥100 PAI at both examinations) had a 51% reduced risk of CVD mortality [AHR, 0.49: 95% CI, 0.26-0.95)], and 42% reduced risk of all-cause mortality [AHR, 0.58: 95% CI, 0.41-0.83)]. For participants who increased their PAI scores over time (PAI score of zero at first examination and ≥100 at last examination), the AHRs were 0.75 (95% CI, 0.55-1.02) for CVD mortality, and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.69-0.99) for all-cause mortality. Participants who maintained high PAI score had 4.8 (95% CI, 3.3-6.4) years of life gained. For those who increased their PAI score over time, the corresponding years gained were 1.8 years (95% CI, 0.1-3.5). CONCLUSION Among relatively healthy participants, an increase in PAI and maintaining a high PAI score over time was associated with reduced risk of CVD and all-cause mortality. CONDENSED ABSTRACT Our objective was to investigate the association between temporal changes in PAI and mortality in a large population from the United States. In this prospective cohort study of 17,613 relatively healthy participants at baseline, maintaining a high PAI score and an increase in PAI score over an average period of 6.3 years was associated with a significant reduction in CVD and all-cause mortality. Based on our results, clinicians can easily recommend that patients obtain at least 100 PAI for most favourable protection against CVD- and all-cause mortality, but can also mention that significant benefits also occur at maintaining low-to-moderate PAI levels.
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Body mass does not reflect the body composition changes in response to similar physical training in young women and men.
Foulis, SA, Hughes, JM, Walker, LA, Guerriere, KI, Taylor, KM, Proctor, SP, Friedl, KE
International journal of obesity (2005). 2021;(3):659-665
Abstract
INTRODUCTION U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT) prepares new recruits to meet soldier physical demands. It also serves as a model of physical changes in healthy young nonobese women and men during an intensive 10-week training program without diet restriction. In this prospective observational study, we quantified the changes in lean mass and body fat induced by BCT in a large sample of men and women undergoing the same physical training program. METHODS Young women (n = 573) and men (n = 1071) meeting Army health and fitness recruitment standards volunteered to provide DXA-derived body composition data at the beginning and end of BCT. RESULTS During BCT, there was no change in body mass in women and a 1.7-kg loss in men. Relative body fat (%BF) declined by an average of 4.0 ± 2.4 and 3.4 ± 2.8 percentage points (±SD) for women and men, respectively. The greatest predictor of change in %BF during BCT for both sexes was %BF at the beginning of training. Women and men gained an average 2.7 ± 1.6 kg and 1.7 ± 2.0 kg of lean mass during BCT. CONCLUSIONS Army BCT produced significant effects on body composition despite minimal changes in total body mass. These findings demonstrate the ability of a 10-week sex-integrated physical training program to positively alter body composition profiles of young adults.
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Profiling children longitudinally: A three-year follow-up study of perceived and actual motor competence and physical fitness.
Estevan, I, Menescardi, C, García-Massó, X, Barnett, LM, Molina-García, J
Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2021;:35-46
Abstract
Longitudinal designs enhance our understanding of children's development and its influence on movement behaviors and health. This three-year follow-up study aimed to develop profiles according to perceived and actual motor competence (MC) (locomotion, object control, and overall) and physical fitness in boys and girls longitudinally including children's temporal migrations among clusters in terms of profiling trends. A secondary aim was to compare physical activity participation and weight status at each time point according to these profiles. One hundred and four typically developing Spanish children (45.8% girls) between 4 and 9 years old at baseline participated in this study. Data were collected at three time points one year apart, between January 2016 and May 2018. A self-organizing map and K-means cluster analysis were used to classify and visualize the values and temporal trajectories longitudinally. The study of the profiles in three consecutive years revealed five profiles, three for boys [ie, profile 1 (aligned-high), profile 2 (aligned-partially-low perception-medium actual MC and fitness), and profile 3 (non-aligned-medium perception-low actual MC and fitness)]; and two for girls [ie, profile 4 (aligned-high) and profile 5 (aligned-low)]. For highly perceived and capable children, boys (profile 1) and girls (profile 4), there was a tendency for higher physical activity participation and lower body mass index and waist circumference over time compared to their counterparts who had medium and/or low levels in perception and actual MC and fitness (P < .05). As children age, those with low values in perceived and actual MC and fitness in object control skills will present a higher probability of maintaining unhealthy lifestyles. So, prior intervention, children's profiles identification should be analyzed according to the type of MC.
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The mediation effect of anthropometry and physical fitness on the relationship between birthweight and basal metabolic rate in children.
Nobre, IG, Moura-Dos-Santos, MA, Nobre, GG, Santos, RMD, da Costa Ribeiro, I, Carvalho Jurema Santos, G, da Silva da Fonseca, EV, Santos de Oliveira, TLP, Ferreira E Silva, WT, Nazare, JA, et al
Journal of developmental origins of health and disease. 2020;(6):640-647
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birthweight (BW) has been associated with anthropometry, body composition and physical fitness during growth and development of children. However, less is known about the mediation effect of those variables on the relationship between BW and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in children. OBJECTIVE To analyse the mediation effect of anthropometry, body composition and physical fitness on the association between BW and BMR in children. METHODS In total, 499 children (254 boys, 245 girls) aged 7-10 years were included. Anthropometry (weight, height, head, waist and hip circumferences), body composition (skinfolds thickness, body fat percentage), physical fitness (handgrip strength, flexibility, muscular endurance, muscular explosive power, agility, running speed) and BMR were evaluated. The analyses were conducted by: single-mediator analysis (SMA) and multi-mediator analysis (MMA). RESULTS The SMA indicates height, head, waist and hip circumferences and handgrip strength as significant mediators of BW on BMR for boys and height, hip circumference and handgrip strength as significant mediators of BW on BMR for girls. In MMA for girls, there were significant indirect effects for height, hip circumference and handgrip strength, with 79.08% of percent mediation. For boys, the head and waist circumferences mediation had a significant indirect effect, with 83.37% of percent mediation. CONCLUSION The anthropometric variables associated with BW were body height, head, hip and waist circumferences for boys and body height and hip circumference for girls. The current study provides new evidence that height and handgrip strength during childhood mediated the relationship between BW and BMR.
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Is Self-Reported Physical Fitness Useful for Estimating Fitness Levels in Children and Adolescents? A Reliability and Validity Study.
De Moraes, ACF, Vilanova-Campelo, RC, Torres-Leal, FL, Carvalho, HB
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 2019;(6)
Abstract
Background and objective: The assessment of physical fitness has become a necessary issue in epidemiological studies, since a reduction in fitness is directly associated with early mortality. Therefore, the development of simple, accurate, and inexpensive methods is necessary to measure physical fitness. This study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the criteria and constructs of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS), Portuguese version, in Brazilian pediatric populations. Methods: A total of 190 children aged 3-10 years and 110 adolescents aged 11-17 years were enrolled in an observational study of reliability and validity. For reliability, the participants completed a questionnaire twice (with an interval of 15 days). To test the criterion validity, we analyzed the agreement between the questionnaire and physical tests (20-m shuttle run test, handgrip strength, standing long jump tests, 4 × 10-m shuttle run test, and back-saver sit and reach test), and the construct validity was estimated by agreement between the questionnaire and high blood pressure. The reliability was analyzed by kappa coefficients. The agreement between the testing and retesting of the questionnaire was evaluated by kappa coefficients. We applied a 2 × 2 table to estimate the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the children was 6.7 years (n = 190), and for the adolescents it was 14.6 years (n = 110). The questionnaire reliability showed an almost perfect score (κ ≥ 0.93 in children and κ ≥ 0.88 in adolescents). The questionnaire showed moderate criterion validity (κ ≥ 0.40 in children and adolescents) as well as moderate construct validity (κ ≥ 0.40) in the components of general conditioning, cardiorespiratory capacity, muscular strength, and speed/agility in children and in the components of cardiorespiratory capacity, muscle strength, and speed/agility in adolescents. The questionnaire was a sensitive method for measuring physical fitness. Conclusions: The Portuguese version of the IFIS is a reliable and valid method for measuring physical fitness in pediatric populations.
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Improved cardiorespiratory fitness following moderate exercise may encourage inactive people for doable and sustainable behavioral change.
Pavlik, G, Bakács, E, Csajági, E, Bakács, T, Noe, J, Kirschner, R
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2019;(3):502-509
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global physical inactivity pandemic is responsible for more than 5 million deaths annually through its effects on non-communicable diseases. This requires urgent intervention. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of physical activity with cardiovascular fitness in a cross-sectional retrospective observational fashion. Data were collected for 21 years from 2530 healthy volunteers and athletes representing the entire spectrum of physical activity from the totally inactive sedentary persons to the highly trained national athletes. METHODS Cardiac fitness was investigated echocardiographically, which is characterized by reduced resting heart rate (RHR), increased relative left ventricular muscular mass (rLVMM), improved left ventricular diastolic function (characterized by the ratio of early to late ventricular peak velocities, E/A) and peak exercise oxygen consumption. RESULTS We found that even moderate exercise is associated with improved cardiac characteristics. With increasing exercise level, the RHR decreased from 69 to 63.3, 61.4, 58.6, 56.1, and 55.8/min in non-athletes, leisure athletes, lower class athletes, 2nd class athletes, 1st class athletes, and national athletes, respectively. While the rLVMM was increased from 64.6 to 70.7, 76.3, 78.5, 86.7, and 88.9 in the same groups. The E/A ratio also increased from 1.71 to 1.72, 1.85, 2.04 in the non-athletes, leisure athletes, lower class athletes, and 2nd class athletes, respectively, but then decreased to 1.92 and 1.98 in the 1st class athletes and national athletes. The largest exercise-induced improvement of cardiac fitness was observed between the inactive and the least active group, which did not increase further in the highly trained national athletes enduring up to 20 training hours per week. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that cardiac fitness can be improved by moderate exercise in sedentary persons. This information would help physicians to encourage inactive patients, who find physical exercise intimidating, for doable and sustainable behavioral change.
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Validation of Gait Characteristics Extracted From Raw Accelerometry During Walking Against Measures of Physical Function, Mobility, Fatigability, and Fitness.
Urbanek, JK, Zipunnikov, V, Harris, T, Crainiceanu, C, Harezlak, J, Glynn, NW
The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. 2018;(5):676-681
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Data collected by wearable accelerometry devices can be used to identify periods of sustained harmonic walking. This report aims to establish whether the features of walking identified in the laboratory and free-living environments are associated with each other as well as measures of physical function, mobility, fatigability, and fitness. METHODS Fifty-one older adults (mean age 78.31) enrolled in the Developmental Epidemiologic Cohort Study were included in the analyses. The study included an "in-the-lab" component as well as 7 days of monitoring "in-the-wild" (free living). Participants were equipped with hip-worn Actigraph GT3X+ activity monitors, which collect raw accelerometry data. We applied a walking identification algorithm and defined features of walking, including participant-specific walking acceleration and cadence. The association between these walking features and physical function, mobility, fatigability, and fitness was quantified using linear regression analysis. RESULTS Acceleration and cadence estimated from "in-the-lab" and "in-the-wild" data were significantly associated with each other (p < .05). However, walking acceleration "in-the-lab" was on average 96% higher than "in-the-wild," whereas cadence "in-the-lab" was on average 20% higher than "in-the-wild." Acceleration and cadence were associated with measures of physical function, mobility, fatigability, and fitness (p < .05) in both "in-the-lab" and "in-the-wild" settings. In addition, "in-the-wild" daily walking time was associated with fitness (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS The quantitative difference in proposed walking features indicates that participants may overperform when observed "in-the-lab." Also, proposed features of walking were significantly associated with measures of physical function, mobility, fatigability, and fitness, which provides evidence of convergent validity.
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Vitamin D deficiency related to physical capacity during cardiac rehabilitation.
Ucay, O, Pouche, M, Guiraud, T, Besnier, F, Pathak, A, Labrunee, M
Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine. 2017;(1):2-5
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency is a frequent pathology associated with cardiovascular diseases and physical performance. OBJECTIVE To study the link between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) level and physical performance and gain in physical performance after cardiovascular rehabilitation (CVR) with vitamin D deficiency. METHODS 25OHD level was assessed in a retrospective cohort of patients admitted for CVR. Data were collected on physical fitness [6-min walk test distance (6MWD) in percentage of predicted, maximal power (Pmax)]. The threshold of vitamin D deficiency was 20ng/ml chosen according to the literature. RESULTS Among the 131 patients included, as compared with those with nondeficiency (n=83; 63%), patients with vitamin D deficiency (n=48, 37%) had lower initial 6MWD (82±18 vs 89±12% predicted, P=0.009) and Pmax (100±58 vs 120±39W, P=0.006). After CVR, this difference was maintained. The improvement in 6MWD and Pmax was significantly lower with deficiency than nondeficiency, for an increase of 11±8% versus 14±9% predicted (P=0.048) and 10±30 versus 32±30W (P=0.00001), respectively. CONCLUSION Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with impaired physical fitness before CVR and a smaller gain in physical fitness with CVR, probably related to the action of vitamin D on the muscle.
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A combination of routine blood analytes predicts fitness decrement in elderly endurance athletes.
Haslacher, H, Ratzinger, F, Perkmann, T, Batmyagmar, D, Nistler, S, Scherzer, TM, Ponocny-Seliger, E, Pilger, A, Gerner, M, Scheichenberger, V, et al
PloS one. 2017;(5):e0177174
Abstract
Endurance sports are enjoying greater popularity, particularly among new target groups such as the elderly. Predictors of future physical capacities providing a basis for training adaptations are in high demand. We therefore aimed to estimate the future physical performance of elderly marathoners (runners/bicyclists) using a set of easily accessible standard laboratory parameters. To this end, 47 elderly marathon athletes underwent physical examinations including bicycle ergometry and a blood draw at baseline and after a three-year follow-up period. In order to compile a statistical model containing baseline laboratory results allowing prediction of follow-up ergometry performance, the cohort was subgrouped into a model training (n = 25) and a test sample (n = 22). The model containing significant predictors in univariate analysis (alanine aminotransferase, urea, folic acid, myeloperoxidase and total cholesterol) presented with high statistical significance and excellent goodness of fit (R2 = 0.789, ROC-AUC = 0.951±0.050) in the model training sample and was validated in the test sample (ROC-AUC = 0.786±0.098). Our results suggest that standard laboratory parameters could be particularly useful for predicting future physical capacity in elderly marathoners. It hence merits further research whether these conclusions can be translated to other disciplines or age groups.
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The association between midlife cardiorespiratory fitness and later life chronic kidney disease: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study.
DeFina, LF, Barlow, CE, Radford, NB, Leonard, D, Willis, BL
Preventive medicine. 2016;:178-183
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem, particularly in older age and in those with diabetes mellitus (DM), with high comorbidity and treatment costs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 17,979 participants, 22% women with a mean age of 50.0 (SD 8.8), in the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study (CCLS) seen initially between 1971 to 2009 who also received Medicare coverage from 1999 to 2009. PREDICTORS Age, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose levels, current tobacco use, and cardiorespiratory fitness. OUTCOMES Incident CKD and DM were determined from Medicare administrative claims data. RESULTS During 116,973person-years of observation, 2022 cases of incident CKD occurred. Multivariable-adjusted proportional hazards models revealed a 24% lower risk of CKD among moderate fit (hazards ratio[HR] 0.76, 95% CI 0.67-0.85 compared to low fit) and a 34% lower risk of CKD among high fit (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.58-0.76 compared to low fit). Even following the development of DM, fitness was associated with lower risk of CKD (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.89-0.99) per 1-MET increment. LIMITATIONS Relatively homogeneous population of well-educated Caucasians. CONCLUSION Results of the present study suggest that higher fitness is associated with lower risk of CKD decades later even in at-risk populations such as diabetics. The findings support a role for enhancing fitness through regular physical activity in preventive strategies for CKD including those who may develop DM in later life.