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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the glycemic control, eating habits, and body compositions of people with diabetes mellitus: A retrospective longitudinal observational study.
Sawada, M, Ohkuma, K, Aihara, M, Doi, S, Sekine, R, Kaneko, T, Iimuro, S, Ichi, I, Usami, S, Ohe, K, et al
Journal of diabetes investigation. 2023;14(2):321-328
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Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses conducted to evaluate the prognosis of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in people with diabetes mellitus have reported an approximately two- to three-fold higher risk of mortality from COVID-19 in people with diabetes mellitus compared with those without diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the state of emergency on the glycaemic control, eating habits, and body composition of people with diabetes mellitus. This study is a retrospective, longitudinal observational study in outpatients with diabetes mellitus. A total of 408 participants were included in this study, including 239 men (58.6%) and 169 women (41.4%). People with type 2 diabetes mellitus were predominant in this study (96.8%). Results show that: - there was a significant increase of the haemoglobin A1c level in people with diabetes mellitus during the COVID-19 pandemic. - there was an increase in the changes in body weight and percent fat (increased) and skeletal muscle masses (decreased). Authors conclude that the COVID-19 pandemic caused a negative impact on the glycaemic control and body composition in people with diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the increase of body weight and fat mass and the decrease of the skeletal muscle mass during the pandemic were associated with poor glycaemic control, independent of the age and sex, in people with diabetes mellitus.
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the glycemic control, eating habits, and body composition of people with diabetes mellitus; to identify the determinants of worsening glycemic control in people with diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective, longitudinal observational study was performed in outpatients with diabetes mellitus who visited our hospital between April 2019 and March 2020 (pre-COVID-19 period) and continued for follow up from April 2020 to March 2021 (COVID-19 period). We compared the glycemic control, nutritional intakes, and body composition of people with diabetes mellitus between the two periods. The changes in the HbA1c values (ΔHbA1c) and other study variables were compared between the two periods. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with the increase of HbA1c levels. RESULTS A significant increase of HbA1c was observed during the COVID-19 period. The percent fat mass (FM) also increased, while the percent skeletal muscle mass (SMM) decreased during the COVID-19 period. After adjustments for age and sex, the ΔBMI (OR:2.33), ΔFM (OR:1.45), and ΔSMM (OR:0.51) were identified as being associated with elevated levels of HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the glycemic control and body composition of people with diabetes mellitus. The increased body weight and FM and decreased SMM observed during the pandemic were associated with poor glycemic control in people with diabetes mellitus.
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The Influence of Reducing Diets on Changes in Thyroid Parameters in Women Suffering from Obesity and Hashimoto's Disease.
Ostrowska, L, Gier, D, Zyśk, B
Nutrients. 2021;13(3)
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Hashimoto’s disease is also known as autoimmune thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. It is the most common type of thyroiditis and autoimmune endocrinopathy. Weight gain is frequently the first symptom of hypothyroidism. The treatment of hypothyroidism (including autoimmune disorders) is based mainly on pharmacological treatment aimed at supplementing the deficiency of thyroid hormones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different reducing diets and their influence on changes in thyroid parameters in female patients. This study is an interventional/observational study of 100 women aged 18–65 years with previously diagnosed Hashimoto’s disease and obesity. The women were randomly assigned to group A (the test group, n = 50) or group B (the control group). Results show that: - the elimination diets enabled an average weight loss of 21.17 kg, and the reducing diets a weight loss of 17.03 kg. - effective weight reduction led to improvement of thyroid parameters in patients suffering from obesity and Hashimoto’s disease. - an individually adjusted elimination diet may lead to better therapeutic results. Authors conclude that elimination diets are a more effective tool in reducing body fat mass in women with Hashimoto’s disease compared to standard balanced reducing diets with the same energy value and main nutrient content.
Abstract
Hashimoto's disease is listed among the most common endocrine causes of obesity. As treatment of obesity in women with Hashimoto's disease is frequently unsuccessful, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different reducing diets and their influence on changes in thyroid parameters in female patients. A six-month observational/interventional study was performed on 100 women aged 18-65 years, previously diagnosed with Hashimoto's disease and obesity and receiving L-thyroxine. The women were randomly assigned to the test group (group A, n = 50) following elimination/reducing diets, and the control group (group B, n = 50) following reducing diets with the same caloric content (without elimination). Anthropometric and thyroid parameters were evaluated at the beginning, after 3 months and after 6 months of treatment. In both groups a significant decrease in BMI and body fat percentage was achieved, but in test group A the decrease in BMI and body fat percentage was significantly greater than in control group B (p < 0.002 and p = 0.026, respectively). Serum TSH (thyroid stimulating hormon) levels decreased significantly more in group A than in group B (p < 0.001). Group A exhibited significantly greater increases in fT4 and fT3 levels than the control group (p < 0.001) as well as significantly greater decreases in the levels anti-TPO (thyroid peroxidase) (p < 0.001) and anti-TG (thyreoglobulin) antibodies (p = 0.048). The application of reducing diets with product elimination was found to be a more beneficial tool for changing anthropometric and thyroid parameters in women suffering from obesity and Hashimoto's disease than classic reducing diets with the same energy values and macronutrient content.
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Impact of red meat, processed meat and fibre intake on risk of late-onset chronic inflammatory diseases: prospective cohort study on lifestyle factors using the Danish 'Diet, Cancer and Health' cohort (PROCID-DCH): protocol.
Rasmussen, NF, Rubin, KH, Stougaard, M, Tjønneland, A, Stenager, E, Lund Hetland, M, Glintborg, B, Bygum, A, Andersen, V
BMJ open. 2019;9(3):e024555
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Chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) can be considered as systemic diseases which primarily affect one organ such as the intestine, skin, joints or the brain. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of fibre, red meat and processed meat on disease risk outcomes of late-onset CID in the ‘Diet, Cancer and Health’ (DCH) cohort. The study is an observational prospective cohort study. The study will use data from 57,053 persons from the prospective Danish cohort study ‘Diet, Cancer and Health’ together with National Health Registry data. The study does not only target one CID but it looks at several CIDs. Furthermore, the linkage to Danish health registries will ensure almost complete follow-up of the study population since the Danish health registries are considered the internationally most comprehensive with high validity.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis) are diseases of the immune system that have some shared genetic and environmental predisposing factors, but still few studies have investigated the effects of lifestyle on disease risk of several CIDs. The primary aim of this prospective cohort study is to investigate the impact of fibre, red meat and processed meat on risk of late-onset CID, with the perspective that results of this study can contribute in supporting future diet recommendations for effective personalised prevention. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study will use data from 57 053 persons from the prospective Danish cohort study 'Diet, Cancer and Health' together with National Health Registry data. The follow-up period is from December 1993 to December 2018. Questionnaire data on diet and lifestyle were collected at entry to the Diet, Cancer and Health study. The outcome CID is defined as having a diagnosis of one of the CIDs registered in the National Patient Registry or, for multiple sclerosis, in the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry during follow-up and being treated with a drug used for the specific disease. The major outcome of the analyses will be to detect variability in risk of late onset of any CID and, if power allows, disease risk of late onset of each CID diagnosis between persons with different fibre and red meat, and processed meat intake. The outcome will be adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, energy, alcohol, fermented dairy products, education, smoking status, hormone replacement therapy and comorbidity. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study is approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (2012-58-0018). The core study is an open register-based cohort study. The study does not need approval from the Ethics committee or Institutional Review Board by Danish law. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, patient associations and presentations at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03456206; Post-results.