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Water Immersion During the Labour and Effects on Oxidative Stress.
Sert, UY, Ozel, S, Neselioglu, S, Erel, O, Engin Ustun, Y
Fetal and pediatric pathology. 2020;(3):185-193
Abstract
Objective: The study aims to investigate maternal serum thiol/disulfide homeostasis and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels of women who were submerged during labor. Material and methods: Sixty-four pregnant women were enrolled in this study. Thirty-four women were submerged during the first stage of labor and 30 women were not. Native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, albumin, IMA, disulfide/native thiol, disulfide/total thiol and native thiol/total thiol concentrations were measured and demographic data were obtained. Results: Cord blood pH, serum disulfide levels and (disulfide/total thiol) × 100 levels were significantly lower in the water immersion group (P < 0.01, P = 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). Native thiol, total thiol, albumin and IMA levels were higher in the water immersion group P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P = 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Water immersion during the first stage of labor was found to be associated with deterioration of thiol-disulfide homeostasis with respect to antioxidant status while IMA levels were higher, suggesting an ischemic condition.
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Post-exercise recovery of biological, clinical and metabolic variables after different temperatures and durations of cold water immersion: a randomized clinical trial.
Vanderlei, FM, de Albuquerque, MC, de Almeida, AC, Machado, AF, Netto, J, Pastre, CM
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2017;(10):1267-1275
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold water immersion (CWI) is a commonly used recuperative strategy. However there is a lack of standardization of protocols considering the duration and temperature of application of the technique and the stress model. Therefore it is important to study the issue of dose response in a specific stress model. Thus the objective was to analyze and compare the effects of CWI during intense post-exercise recovery using different durations and temperatures of immersion. METHODS One hundred and five male individuals were divided into five groups: one control group (CG) and four recovery groups (G1: 5' at 9±1 °C; G2: 5' at 14±1 °C; G3: 15' at 9±1 °C; G4: 15' at 14±1 °C). The volunteers were submitted to an exhaustion protocol that consisted of a jump program and the Wingate Test. Immediately after the exhaustion protocol, the volunteers were directed to a tank with water and ice, where they were immersed for the recovery procedure, during which blood samples were collected for later lactate and creatine kinase (CK) analysis. Variables were collected prior to the exercise and 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after its completion. RESULTS For the CK concentration, 15 minutes at 14 °C was the best intervention option, considering the values at 72 hours after exercise, while for the moment of peak lactate an advantage was observed for immersion for 5 minutes at 14 °C. Regarding the perception of recovery, CWI for 5 minutes at 14 °C performed better long-term, from the time of the intervention to 96 hours post-exercise. For pain, no form of immersion responded better than the CG at the immediately post-intervention moment. CONCLUSIONS There were no differences in behavior between the CWI intervention groups for the outcomes studied.
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Treadmill walking in water induces greater respiratory muscle fatigue than treadmill walking on land in healthy young men.
Yamashina, Y, Yokoyama, H, Naghavi, N, Hirasawa, Y, Takeda, R, Ota, A, Imai, D, Miyagawa, T, Okazaki, K
The journal of physiological sciences : JPS. 2016;(3):257-64
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Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of walking in water on respiratory muscle fatigue compared with that of walking on land at the same exercise intensity. Ten healthy males participated in 40-min treadmill walking trials on land and in water at an intensity of 60% of peak oxygen consumption. Respiratory function and respiratory muscle strength were evaluated before and after walking trials. Inspiratory muscle strength and forced expiratory volume in 1 s were significantly decreased immediately after walking in water, and expiratory muscle strength was significantly decreased immediately and 5 min after walking in water compared with the baseline. The decreases of inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength were significantly greater compared with that after walking on land. In conclusion, greater inspiratory and expiratory muscle fatigue was induced by walking in water than by walking on land at the same exercise intensity in healthy young men.
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Use of Cold-Water Immersion to Reduce Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Preserve Muscle Power in Jiu-Jitsu Athletes.
Fonseca, LB, Brito, CJ, Silva, RJ, Silva-Grigoletto, ME, da Silva, WM, Franchini, E
Journal of athletic training. 2016;(7):540-9
Abstract
CONTEXT Cold-water immersion (CWI) has been applied widely as a recovery method, but little evidence is available to support its effectiveness. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of CWI on muscle damage, perceived muscle soreness, and muscle power recovery of the upper and lower limbs after jiu-jitsu training. DESIGN Crossover study. SETTING Laboratory and field. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 8 highly trained male athletes (age = 24.0 ± 3.6 years, mass = 78.4 ± 2.4 kg, percentage of body fat = 13.1% ± 3.6%) completed all study phases. INTERVENTION(S): We randomly selected half of the sample for recovery using CWI (6.0°C ± 0.5°C) for 19 minutes; the other participants were allocated to the control condition (passive recovery). Treatments were reversed in the second session (after 1 week). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We measured serum levels of creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase enzymes; perceived muscle soreness; and recovery through visual analogue scales and muscle power of the upper and lower limbs at pretraining, postrecovery, 24 hours, and 48 hours. RESULTS Athletes who underwent CWI showed better posttraining recovery measures because circulating LDH levels were lower at 24 hours postrecovery in the CWI condition (441.9 ± 81.4 IU/L) than in the control condition (493.6 ± 97.4 IU/L; P = .03). Estimated muscle power was higher in the CWI than in the control condition for both upper limbs (757.9 ± 125.1 W versus 695.9 ± 56.1 W) and lower limbs (53.7 ± 3.7 cm versus 35.5 ± 8.2 cm; both P values = .001). In addition, we observed less perceived muscle soreness (1.5 ± 1.1 arbitrary units [au] versus 3.1 ± 1.0 au; P = .004) and higher perceived recovery (8.8 ± 1.9 au versus 6.9 ± 1.7 au; P = .005) in the CWI than in the control condition at 24 hours postrecovery. CONCLUSIONS Use of CWI can be beneficial to jiu-jitsu athletes because it reduces circulating LDH levels, results in less perceived muscle soreness, and helps muscle power recovery at 24 hours postrecovery.
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Effect of cold water immersion on repeated cycling performance and limb blood flow.
Vaile, J, O'Hagan, C, Stefanovic, B, Walker, M, Gill, N, Askew, CD
British journal of sports medicine. 2011;(10):825-9
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) and active recovery (ACT) on resting limb blood flow, rectal temperature and repeated cycling performance in the heat. Ten subjects completed two testing sessions separated by 1 week; each trial consisted of an initial all-out 35-min exercise bout, one of two 15-min recovery interventions (randomised: CWI or ACT), followed by a 40-min passive recovery period before repeating the 35-min exercise bout. Performance was measured as the change in total work completed during the exercise bouts. Resting limb blood flow, heart rate, rectal temperature and blood lactate were recorded throughout the testing sessions. There was a significant decline in performance after ACT (mean (SD) -1.81% (1.05%)) compared with CWI where performance remained unchanged (0.10% (0.71%)). Rectal temperature was reduced after CWI (36.8°C (1.0°C)) compared with ACT (38.3°C (0.4°C)), as was blood flow to the arms (CWI 3.64 (1.47) ml/100 ml/min; ACT 16.85 (3.57) ml/100 ml/min) and legs (CW 4.83 (2.49) ml/100 ml/min; ACT 4.83 (2.49) ml/100 ml/min). Leg blood flow at the end of the second exercise bout was not different between the active (15.25 (4.33) ml/100 ml/min) and cold trials (14.99 (4.96) ml/100 ml/min), whereas rectal temperature (CWI 38.1°C (0.3°C); ACT 38.8°C (0.2°C)) and arm blood flow (CWI 20.55 (3.78) ml/100 ml/min; ACT 23.83 (5.32) ml/100 ml/min) remained depressed until the end of the cold trial. These findings indicate that CWI is an effective intervention for maintaining repeat cycling performance in the heat and this performance benefit is associated with alterations in core temperature and limb blood flow.
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Short term effects of various water immersions on recovery from exhaustive intermittent exercise.
Pournot, H, Bieuzen, F, Duffield, R, Lepretre, PM, Cozzolino, C, Hausswirth, C
European journal of applied physiology. 2011;(7):1287-95
Abstract
In order to investigate the effectiveness of different techniques of water immersion recovery on maximal strength, power and the post-exercise inflammatory response in elite athletes, 41 highly trained (Football, Rugby, Volleyball) male subjects (age = 21.5 ± 4.6 years, mass = 73.1 ± 9.7 kg and height = 176.7 ± 9.7 cm) performed 20 min of exhaustive, intermittent exercise followed by a 15 min recovery intervention. The recovery intervention consisted of different water immersion techniques, including: temperate water immersion (36°C; TWI), cold water immersion (10°C; CWI), contrast water temperature (10-42°C; CWT) and a passive recovery (PAS). Performances during a maximal 30-s rowing test (P(30 s)), a maximal vertical counter-movement jump (CMJ) and a maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee extensor muscles were measured at rest (Pre-exercise), immediately after the exercise (Post-exercise), 1 h after (Post 1 h) and 24 h later (Post 24 h). Leukocyte profile and venous blood markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) were also measured Pre-exercise, Post 1 h and Post 24 h. A significant time effect was observed to indicate a reduction in performance (Pre-exercise vs. Post-exercise) following the exercise bout in all conditions (P < 0.05). Indeed, at 1 h post exercise, a significant improvement in MVC and P(30 s) was respectively observed in the CWI and CWT groups compared to pre-exercise. Further, for the CWI group, this result was associated with a comparative blunting of the rise in total number of leucocytes at 1 h post and of plasma concentration of CK at 24 h post. The results indicate that the practice of cold water immersion and contrast water therapy are more effective immersion modalities to promote a faster acute recovery of maximal anaerobic performances (MVC and 30″ all-out respectively) after an intermittent exhaustive exercise. These results may be explained by the suppression of plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and damage, suggesting reduced passive leakage from disrupted skeletal muscle, which may result in the increase in force production during ensuing bouts of exercise.
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Effects of hyperoxia on thermoregulatory responses during feet immersion to hot water in humans.
Yamashita, K, Tochihara, Y
Journal of physiological anthropology and applied human science. 2003;(4):181-5
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Abstract
This study examined effects of hyperoxia on thermoregulatory responses. Eight healthy male students (23.5+/-1.8 yrs) were involved in this study. They immersed their legs in a hot water bath (42 degrees C) for 60 minutes in a climate chamber. The conditions of oxygen concentration of a chamber were set at 21% (control), 25% (25%O(2)), and 30% (30%O(2)). Ambient temperature and relative humidity was maintained at 25 degrees C and 50% in every condition, respectively. Measurements included rectal temperature (Tre), skin temperature at 7 sites, laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) on the back and forearm as an index of skin blood flow, heart rate, local sweat rate (Msw) on the back and forearm, and total body weight loss (BWL). Increases of Tre at 25%O(2) and 30%O(2) tended to be lower during the immersion than in the control. Mean skin temperature (Tsk) of the control increased gradually after the onset of sweating, while the Tsks at 25%O(2) and 30%O(2) maintained a constant level during sweating. LDFs on the forearm at 25%O(2) and 30%O(2) showed lower increases compared with the control. No significant differences in Msw on the back and the forearm and BWL were seen among the conditions. These results suggested that hyperoxia could not affect sweating responses but elicit an inhibitory effect on thermoregulatory skin blood flow.
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Does gender influence human cardiovascular and renal responses to water immersion?
Watenpaugh, DE, Pump, B, Bie, P, Norsk, P
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2000;(2):621-8
Abstract
We hypothesized that women and men exhibit similar cardiovascular and renal responses to thermoneutral water immersion (WI) to the neck. Ten women and nine men underwent two sessions in random order: 1) seated nonimmersed for 5.5 h (control) and 2) WI for 3 h, with subjects seated nonimmersed for 1.5 h pre- and 1 h postimmersion. We measured left atrial diameter, heart rate, arterial pressure, urine volume and osmolality, and urinary endothelin, urodilatin, sodium, and potassium excretion. No significant difference existed between groups in cardiovascular responses. The groups also exhibited mostly similar renal responses to immersion after adjustment for body mass. However, female urodilatin excretion per kilogram during immersion was over twofold that of men, and the female kaliuretic response to immersion was delayed and less pronounced relative to that in men. Men may excrete more potassium than women during immersion because men possess greater lean body mass (potassium per kilogram). Results obtained in men during WI may be cautiously extrapolated to women, yet urodilatin and potassium responses exhibit gender differences.