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1.
Acute Neuromuscular Response to Team Sports-Specific Running, Resistance, and Concurrent Training: A Crossover Study.
Cross, R, Lovell, R, Marshall, PW, Siegler, J
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2022;(3):456-465
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the changes in muscle contractile function, voluntary activation, and muscle damage after lower limb resistance training (RT), intermittent sprint exercise, and concurrent training (CT). METHODS Ten male, recreational team sport athletes with a history of RT participated in a randomized crossover study involving an intermittent sprint protocol (ISP), lower limb RT, and CT (ISP and RT separated by 1 h). Before (PRE), immediately after (POST), 24 h and 48 h after each exercise condition, quadriceps muscle activation, voluntary activation, muscle contractile function (evoked twitch responses), creatine kinase, muscle soreness, and Profile of Mood States (POMS)-fatigue were recorded. RESULTS Quadriceps contractile function was hampered in all conditions, with a significantly greater decline observed POST RT (58.4% ± 18.0%) and CT (54.8% ± 8.6%) compared with ISP (35.9% ± 10.7%, P < 0.05), recovering at 48 h after all exercise conditions. POMS-fatigue ratings increased at POST in all conditions with CT and ISP eliciting the greatest increase, returning to baseline 48 h after all exercise conditions. Quadriceps muscle soreness remained elevated from PRE at 48 h after all exercise conditions. No changes across time were observed for voluntary activation and quadriceps surface EMG amplitude after any exercise condition. The volume and load lifted in the RT session was unaffected by previous intermittent exercise (ISP) in CT. CONCLUSIONS RT impairs contractile function, which is not exacerbated when performed 1 h after the ISP. Contractile function after all exercise conditions displayed the same recovery profile (48 h) despite the postexercise decrement being smaller after the ISP compared with RT and CT. Previous intermittent sprint exercise does not negatively affect the volume of exercise performed in a lower limb RT session.
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Exercise and Protein Effects on Strength and Function with Weight Loss in Older Women.
Evans, EM, Straight, CR, Reed, RA, Berg, AC, Rowe, DA, Johnson, MA
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2021;(1):183-191
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity negatively affects lower extremity physical function (LEPF) in older adults. Exercise and a higher protein diet are both known to positively and independently affect body composition, muscle strength, and LEPF during weight loss; however, their potential interactive effects have not been well characterized in older women. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the relative efficacy of a higher protein diet with or without exercise to improve body composition, muscle strength, and LEPF in older inactive overweight/obese women after weight loss. METHODS Postmenopausal women (body mass index = 31.1 ± 5.1 kg·m, 69.2 ± 3.6 yr) completed a 6-month weight loss program after randomization to three groups (n = 72 randomized; 15% dropout): 1) higher protein diet (PRO, ~30% energy from protein; n = 20), 2) PRO plus exercise (PRO + EX; n = 19), or 3) a conventional protein control diet plus EX (CON + EX, ~18% energy from protein; n = 22). EX was supervised, multicomponent (aerobic, muscle strengthening, balance, and flexibility), and three sessions per week. Body composition was measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, leg strength by isokinetic dynamometry, and LEPF via 6-min walk, 8-ft up and go, and 30-s chair stand tests. RESULTS Changes in weight (-7.5 ± 4.1 kg; -9.2% ± 4.8%), fat mass, and leg lean mass did not differ among groups (all P > 0.50). Despite weight loss, muscle strength improved in the exercise groups (PRO + EX and CON + EX) but it declined in the PRO group (P = 0.008). For all LEPF measures, the PRO group had attenuated improvements compared with both PRO + EX and CON + EX (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Exercise during weight loss is critical to preserve strength and enhance LEPF; however, a higher protein diet does not appear to influence body composition, muscle strength, or LEPF changes when combined with multicomponent exercise.
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Muscle oxygenation induced by cycling exercise does not accelerate recovery kinetics following exercise-induced muscle damage in humans: A randomized cross-over study.
Abaïdia, AE, Cosyns, S, Dupont, G
Respiratory physiology & neurobiology. 2019;:82-88
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of inducing muscle oxygenation using an intermittent cycling exercise on recovery kinetics after exercise-induced muscle damage. Ten soccer players performed single-leg knee flexors exercise: 75 eccentric contractions. The day after, subjects performed an intermittent cycling exercise of 12 min (15 s work - 15 s rest) or recovered passively in a balanced and randomized cross-over design. Force, single and double-leg countermovement jumps, muscle soreness, perceived recovery and creatine kinase concentrations were assessed through a 72 h period. Oxygenation during cycling was assessed using Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Results showed an increase in knee flexors oxygenation using intermittent cycling (ΔHbO2 = 70.2 ± 19.8% ; ΔHHb = 68.2 ± 14.1%). Possibly small detrimental effect of cycling on eccentric force was found (ES = -0.58, 90% CI: -1.33 to 0.17). Small detrimental effects of cycling were found for soreness and perceived recovery. Implementing intermittent cycling exercise the day after muscle damage may be detrimental for recovery.
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Effects of supervised exercise training on lower-limb cutaneous microvascular reactivity in adults with venous ulcers.
Tew, GA, Gumber, A, McIntosh, E, Kesterton, S, King, B, Michaels, JA, Klonizakis, M
European journal of applied physiology. 2018;(2):321-329
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of a 12-week supervised exercise programme on lower-limb cutaneous microvascular reactivity in adults with venous leg ulceration. METHODS Thirty-eight adults with unilateral venous ulceration who were being treated with lower-limb compression therapy (58% male; mean age 65 years; median ulcer size 5 cm2) were randomly allocated to exercise or control groups. Exercise participants (n = 18) were invited to attend thrice weekly sessions of lower-limb aerobic and resistance exercise for 12 weeks. Cutaneous microvascular reactivity was assessed in the gaiter region of ulcerated and non-ulcerated legs at baseline and 3 months using laser Doppler fluxmetry coupled with iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as laser Doppler flux (AU)/mean arterial pressure (mmHg). RESULTS Thirty-seven participants completed follow-up assessments. Median session attendance was 36 (range 2-36). Analyses of covariance revealed greater peak CVC responses to ACh in the exercise group at 3 months in both the ulcerated (adjusted difference = 0.944 AU/mmHg; 95% CI 0.504-1.384) and non-ulcerated (adjusted difference = 0.596 AU/mmHg; 95% CI 0.028-1.164) legs. Peak CVC responses to SNP were also greater in the exercise group at 3 months in the ulcerated leg (adjusted difference = 0.882 AU/mmHg; 95% CI 0.274-1.491), but not the non-ulcerated leg (adjusted difference = 0.392 AU/mmHg; 95% CI - 0.377 to 1.161). CONCLUSION Supervised exercise training improves lower-limb cutaneous microvascular reactivity in adults with venous leg ulceration.
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Acute effects of walking and combined exercise on oxidative stress and vascular function in peripheral artery disease.
Lima, AHRA, Correia, MA, Soares, AHG, Farah, BQ, Forjaz, CLM, Silva, AS, Brasileiro-Santos, MS, Santos, AC, Ritti-Dias, RM
Clinical physiology and functional imaging. 2018;(1):69-75
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a single session of walking and combined exercise on oxidative stress and vascular function in peripheral arterial disease patients. Thirteen patients with peripheral arterial disease underwent two experimental sessions in random order: walking (ten sets of 2-min walking at the speed corresponding to the onset of claudication pain with 2-min interval between sets) and combined exercise (1 × 10 reps in eight resistance exercises plus five-two-minute sets of walking). Before and after the exercise, vascular function (blood flow, leg vascular resistance and blood-flow postreactive hyperaemia) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and plasma nitrite levels) were obtained. Blood flow increased similarly after both sessions, whilst leg vascular resistance decreased similarly after both sessions. Plasma nitrite increased only after the combined exercise. Malondialdehyde decreased after both sessions, and the decrease was greater after combined exercise. As a conclusion, a single session of combined exercise improves blood flow and leg vascular resistance similarly to walking session; however, combined exercise promoted better effects on oxidative stress.
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Treatment protocol on stasis edema in poorly mobile nursing home patients.
Benigni, JP, Uhl, JF, Balet, F, Chahim, M
International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology. 2018;(5):396-399
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged immobility in the sitting position in the elderly is known to produce venous stasis with leg edema and possible skin changes. METHODS The authors have tested a treatment protocol in 30 patients to quantify the reduction of volume caused by an adjustable compression Velcro® wrap (Circaid Juxtalite®, medi GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany) after 15 days and to compare its effect on the leg volume for the next 15 days with 15- to 20-mmHg compression stockings (CS). RESULTS The authors noted a volume decrease between T0 and T15 by 10.8% (52 legs) under Circaid Juxtalite®. At T30, they observed a non-significant difference between Circaid Juxtalite® (-1%) and the CS (1.3%). CONCLUSIONS A Velcro® adjustable compression wrap (Circaid Juxtalite®) is efficient in reducing stasis edema in the elderly. Stabilization of the leg volume with the use of 15-20 mmHg CS suggests that a high pressure to maintain results is not required to maintain results.
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Associations of office workers' objectively assessed occupational sitting, standing and stepping time with musculoskeletal symptoms.
Coenen, P, Healy, GN, Winkler, EAH, Dunstan, DW, Owen, N, Moodie, M, LaMontagne, AD, Eakin, EA, O'Sullivan, PB, Straker, LM
Ergonomics. 2018;(9):1187-1195
Abstract
We examined the association of musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) with workplace sitting, standing and stepping time, as well as sitting and standing time accumulation (i.e. usual bout duration of these activities), measured objectively with the activPAL3 monitor. Using baseline data from the Stand Up Victoria trial (216 office workers, 14 workplaces), cross-sectional associations of occupational activities with self-reported MSS (low-back, upper and lower extremity symptoms in the last three months) were examined using probit regression, correcting for clustering and adjusting for confounders. Sitting bout duration was significantly (p < 0.05) associated, non-linearly, with MSS, such that those in the middle tertile displayed the highest prevalence of upper extremity symptoms. Other associations were non-significant but sometimes involved large differences in symptom prevalence (e.g. 38%) by activity. Though causation is unclear, these non-linear associations suggest that sitting and its alternatives (i.e. standing and stepping) interact with MSS and this should be considered when designing safe work systems. Practitioner summary: We studied associations of objectively assessed occupational activities with musculoskeletal symptoms in office workers. Workers who accumulated longer sitting bouts reported fewer upper extremity symptoms. Total activity duration was not significantly associated with musculoskeletal symptoms. We underline the importance of considering total volumes and patterns of activity time in musculoskeletal research.
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Cold Water Mediates Greater Reductions in Limb Blood Flow than Whole Body Cryotherapy.
Mawhinney, C, Low, DA, Jones, H, Green, DJ, Costello, JT, Gregson, W
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2017;(6):1252-1260
Abstract
PURPOSE Cold-water immersion (CWI) and whole body cryotherapy (WBC) are widely used recovery methods in an attempt to limit exercise-induced muscle damage, soreness, and functional deficits after strenuous exercise. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ecologically valid CWI and WBC protocols on postexercise lower limb thermoregulatory, femoral artery, and cutaneous blood flow responses. METHODS Ten males completed a continuous cycle exercise protocol at 70% maximal oxygen uptake until a rectal temperature of 38°C was attained. Participants were then exposed to lower-body CWI (8°C) for 10 min, or WBC (-110°C) for 2 min, in a randomized crossover design. Rectal and thigh skin, deep, and superficial muscle temperatures, thigh, and calf skin blood flow (laser Doppler flowmetry), superficial femoral artery blood flow (duplex ultrasound), and arterial blood pressure were measured before, and for 40 min post, cooling interventions. RESULTS Greater reductions in thigh skin (CWI, -5.9°C ± 1.8°C; WBC, 0.2°C ± 0.5°C; P < 0.001) and superficial (CWI, -4.4°C ± 1.3°C; WBC, -1.8°C ± 1.1°C; P < 0.001) and deep (CWI, -2.9°C ± 0.8°C; WBC, -1.3°C ± 0.6°C; P < 0.001) muscle temperatures occurred immediately after CWI. Decreases in femoral artery conductance were greater after CWI (CWI, -84% ± 11%; WBC, -59% ± 21%, P < 0.02) and thigh (CWI, -80% ± 5%; WBC, -59% ± 14%, P < 0.001), and calf (CWI, -73% ± 13%; WBC, -45% ± 17%, P < 0.001) cutaneous vasoconstriction was greater after CWI. Reductions in rectal temperature were similar between conditions after cooling (CWI, -0.6°C ± 0.4°C; WBC, -0.6°C ± 0.3°C; P = 0.98). CONCLUSION Greater reductions in blood flow and tissue temperature were observed after CWI in comparison with WBC. These novel findings have practical and clinical implications for the use of cooling in the recovery from exercise and injury.
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The effect of intermittent lower limb occlusion on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage: A randomized controlled trial.
Page, W, Swan, R, Patterson, SD
Journal of science and medicine in sport. 2017;(8):729-733
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effectiveness of intermittent lower limb occlusion in augmenting recovery from exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) in physically active males. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial, double blind. METHODS Sixteen healthy recreationally active male participants were randomly assigned to an intermittent occlusion (OCC; n=8) or control (SHAM; n=8) group. The EIMD protocol comprised of 100 drop-jumps, from a 0.6m box. Indices of muscle damage were creatine kinase (CK), thigh-circumference (TC), muscle soreness (DOMS), counter-movement jump (CMJ) and maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC). Measurements were assessed pre, 24h, 48h and 72h following exercise. RESULTS There was a significant time effect for all indices of muscle damage suggesting EIMD was present following the exercise protocol. The decrease in MIVC was significantly attenuated in the OCC group compared to the SHAM group at 24 (90.4±10.7 vs. 81.5±6.7%), 48 (96.2±6.1 vs. 84.5±7.1%) and 72h (101.1±4.2 vs. 89.7±7.5%). The CK response was reduced in the OCC group at 24 (335±87 vs. 636±300 IU) and 48h (244±70 vs. 393±248 IU), compared to the SHAM group. DOMS was significantly lower in the OCC compared to the SHAM group at 24, 48 and 72h post EIMD. There was no effect of OCC on CMJ or TC. CONCLUSIONS This investigation shows that intermittent lower limb occlusion administered after a damaging bout of exercise reduces indices of muscle damage and accelerates the recovery in physically active males.
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Lower limb explosive strength capacity in elderly women: effects of resistance training and healthy diet.
Edholm, P, Strandberg, E, Kadi, F
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2017;(1):190-196
Abstract
The effects of 24 wk of resistance training combined with a healthy diet on lower limb explosive strength capacity were investigated in a population of healthy elderly women. Participants (n = 63; 67.5 ± 0.4 yr) were randomized into three groups; resistance training (RT), resistance training and healthy diet (RT-HD), and control (CON). Progressive resistance training was performed at a load of 75-85% one-repetition maximum. A major adjustment in the healthy dietary approach was an n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio below 2. Lower limb maximal strength, explosive force capacity during dynamic and isometric movements, whole body lean mass, and physical function were assessed. Whole body lean mass significantly increased by 1.5 ± 0.5% in RT-HD only. Isometric strength performance during knee extension as well as the performance in the five sit-to-stand and single-leg-stance tests increased similarly in RT and RT-HD. Improvements in dynamic peak power and time to reach peak power (i.e shorter time) during knee extension occurred in both RT (+15.7 ± 2.6 and -11.0 ± 3.8%, respectively) and RT-HD (+24.6 ± 2.6 and -20.3 ± 2.7%, respectively); however, changes were significantly larger in RT-HD. Similarly, changes in peak force and rate of force development during squat jump were higher in RT-HD (+58.5 ± 8.4 and +185.4 ± 32.9%, respectively) compared with RT (+35.7 ± 6.9 and +105.4 ± 22.4%, respectively). In conclusion, a healthy diet rich in n-3 PUFA can optimize the effects of resistance training on dynamic explosive strength capacity during isolated lower limb movements and multijoint exercises in healthy elderly women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Age-related decline in lower limb explosive strength leads to impaired ability to perform daily living tasks. The present randomized controlled trial demonstrates that a healthy diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) enhances resistance training-induced gains in dynamic explosive strength capacity during isolated lower limb movements and multijoint exercises in healthy elderly women. This supports the use of strategies combining resistance training and dietary changes to mitigate the decline in explosive strength capacity in older adults.