1.
Creatine Phosphate Administration in Cell Energy Impairment Conditions: A Summary of Past and Present Research.
Gaddi, AV, Galuppo, P, Yang, J
Heart, lung & circulation. 2017;(10):1026-1035
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine phosphate (CrP) plays a fundamental physiological role by providing chemical energy for cell viability and activity, especially in muscle tissue. Numerous pathological conditions, caused by acute or chronic ischaemic situations, are related to its deficiency. For these reasons, it has been used as a cardioprotective agent in heart surgery and medical cardiology for many years. OBJECTIVE This article gives a brief overview of the main characteristics of exogenous CrP. METHODS Previous review articles on CrP were screened for relevant information and references. Results from selected studies were reviewed and classified according to the topics in this review article and provided further interesting information on the pharmacological role of this molecule. RESULTS Besides CrP's well known cell energy and function restoring properties, new evidence is emerging regarding its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. Use of CrP is well established clinically as an intraoperative and perioperative adjuvant in heart operations (valve replacement, coronary artery bypass grafting, congenital heart defect repair), and as an additional agent in medical cardiology therapy for acute myocardial infarction and acute and chronic heart failure. In particular, there are promising potential new CrP uses in neurology, such as in cerebral ischaemia and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. CONCLUSIONS This review article describes the role of CrP treatment in cardiological indications, such as cardioprotection in cardioplegia and in myocardiopathies of various etiopathogenesis, as well as in other clinical indications such as skeletal muscle rehabilitation and neurological conditions.
2.
Muscle energetics during explosive activities and potential effects of nutrition and training.
Sahlin, K
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2014;(Suppl 2):S167-73
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Abstract
The high-energy demand during high-intensity exercise (HIE) necessitates that anaerobic processes cover an extensive part of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) requirement. Anaerobic energy release results in depletion of phosphocreatine (PCr) and accumulation of lactic acid, which set an upper limit of anaerobic ATP production and thus HIE performance. This report focuses on the effects of training and ergogenic supplements on muscle energetics and HIE performance. Anaerobic capacity (i.e. the amount of ATP that can be produced) is determined by the muscle content of PCr, the buffer capacity and the volume of the contracting muscle mass. HIE training can increase buffer capacity and the contracting muscle mass but has no effect on the concentration of PCr. Dietary supplementation with creatine (Cr), bicarbonate, or beta-alanine has a documented ergogenic effect. Dietary supplementation with Cr increases muscle Cr and PCr and enhances performance, especially during repeated short periods of HIE. The ergogenic effect of Cr is related to an increase in temporal and spatial buffering of ATP and to increased muscle buffer capacity. Bicarbonate loading increases extracellular buffering and can improve performance during HIE by facilitating lactic acid removal from the contracting muscle. Supplementation with beta-alanine increases the content of muscle carnosine, which is an endogenous intracellular buffer. It is clear that performance during HIE can be improved by interventions that increase the capacity of anaerobic ATP production, suggesting that energetic constraints set a limit for performance during HIE.
3.
Role of the phosphocreatine system on energetic homeostasis in skeletal and cardiac muscles.
GuimarĂ£es-Ferreira, L
Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2014;(1):126-31
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate is the present energy currency in the body, and is used in various cellular and indispensable processes for the maintenance of cell homeostasis. The regeneration mechanisms of adenosine triphosphate, from the product of its hydrolysis - adenosine diphosphate - are therefore necessary. Phosphocreatine is known as its quickest form of regeneration, by means of the enzyme creatine kinase. Thus, the primary function of this system is to act as a temporal energy buffer. Nevertheless, over the years, several other functions were attributed to phosphocreatine. This occurs as various isoforms of creatine kinase isoforms have been identified with a distinct subcellular location and functionally coupled with the sites that generate and use energy, in the mitochondria and cytosol, respectively. The present study discussed the central and complex role that the phosphocreatine system performs in energy homeostasis in muscle cells, as well as its alterations in pathological conditions.