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1.
The role of mechanical control of biofilm in the salivary pH after sucrose exposure in children with early childhood caries.
Lima-Holanda, AT, de Sousa, ET, Nobre-Dos-Santos, M, Steiner-Oliveira, C
Scientific reports. 2021;(1):7496
Abstract
This quasi-experimental study sought to investigate if the mechanical control of biofilm (3-times-a-day) modifies the saliva's ability to buffer the oral environment after 20% sucrose rinse (SR20%) in children with early childhood caries (ECC). Here, SR20% reduced the saliva's pH in both groups and the mechanical control of biofilm had a greater effect on this parameter after SR20% in CF children. The mechanical control of biofilm evidenced a higher buffering capacity in CF children before SR20%, which was not observed after SR20%. Otherwise, the absence of mechanical control of biofilm showed that buffering capacity was comparable in the two groups before SR20%, whereas after SR20% the saliva's buffering capacity of CF children was higher than ECC children. When biofilm was mechanically controlled, carbonic anhydrase VI activity did not change after SR20% whereas the absence of mechanical control of biofilm reduced this enzyme activity after SR20%. In conclusion, the mechanical control of biofilm did not change saliva's ability to buffer the oral environment after SR20% in children with ECC. On the other hand, CF children appeared to regulate more effectively the saliva's pH than ECC children while the absence of mechanical control of biofilm mediated their pH-modifying ability after SR20%.
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2.
Characterization of Lactobacilli isolated from carious dentin after selective caries removal and cavity sealing.
Damé-Teixeira, N, Ev, LD, Bitello-Firmino, L, Soares, VK, Dalalba, RS, Rup, AG, Maltz, M, Parolo, CCF
Archives of oral biology. 2021;:104988
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize lactobacilli isolated from residual carious dentin after selective caries removal (SCR), by observing the changes detected in their prevalence, diversity, and cariogenic potential after starvation stress caused by cavity sealing (CS). DESIGN Lactobacilli were cultured from carious dentin lesions (n = 16 patients) treated in a clinical trial, three months before and after CS. Presumptive lactobacilli were selected, isolated, and analyzed by Gram staining. Housekeeping gene sequences were used to identify the species (groEL, rpoA, pheS, and 16S rRNA). RESULTS N = 86 Lactobacillus spp. (n = 41 before and n = 45 after sealing) were genotyped by AP-PCR and analyzed for their cariogenic potential (acid production and acid tolerance). The proportion of lactobacilli to the total anaerobic counts was high, and a significant decrease was observed after sealing (median before sealing = 78.9; 25th-75th = 60.25-97.35; median after sealing = 0.00; 25th-75th = 0.00-77.08; p = 0.001). L. paracasei was the most prevalent species of lactobacilli in carious dentin (p = 0.02). L. rhamnosus prevalence increased to a proportion similar to L. paracasei after CS (p = 0.001). A total of 28 and 14 different genotypes were found before and after CS, respectively. There was no difference between the L. paracasei and the L. rhamnosus isolated from carious dentin, neither regarding acid production nor acid tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Although there was a significant reduction in lactobacilli in the residual carious dentin after SCR, some strains were capable of surviving after three months of CS. However, the sealed available nutrients are low and not sufficient for caries progression. Also, we believe that a longer follow up period may eliminate all the residual lactobacilli. L. paracasei prevailed in carious dentin in a proportion similar to L. rhamnosus in the sealed dentin. Characterization of lactobacilli after SCR and sealing may help the understanding the importance of genotyping of lactobacilli in carious microbiota.
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Application of Antibiotics/Antimicrobial Agents on Dental Caries.
Qiu, W, Zhou, Y, Li, Z, Huang, T, Xiao, Y, Cheng, L, Peng, X, Zhang, L, Ren, B
BioMed research international. 2020;:5658212
Abstract
Dental caries is the most common oral disease. The bacteriological aetiology of dental caries promotes the use of antibiotics or antimicrobial agents to prevent this type of oral infectious disease. Antibiotics have been developed for more than 80 years since Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, and systemic antibiotics have been used to treat dental caries for a long time. However, new types of antimicrobial agents have been developed to fight against dental caries. The purpose of this review is to focus on the application of systemic antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents with respect to their clinical use to date, including the history of their development, and their side effects, uses, structure types, and molecular mechanisms to promote a better understanding of the importance of microbial interactions in dental plaque and combinational treatments.
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4.
Oroactive dental biomaterials and their use in endodontic therapy.
Patel, E, Pradeep, P, Kumar, P, Choonara, YE, Pillay, V
Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials. 2020;(1):201-212
Abstract
Dental biomaterials have revolutionized modern therapies. Untreated dental caries remains the major etiological factor for endodontic treatment, and together with a decreasing rate of tooth loss escalates the importance of continuously improving the materials used for endodontic therapies. Endodontic biomaterials are used for vital pulp therapies, irrigation, intracanal medicaments, obturation and regenerative procedures. These materials offer several functions including: antimicrobial activity, mechanical reinforcement, aesthetics, and therapeutic effects. Vital pulp therapies have seen an improvement in clinical results with an incremental approach to build on the strengths of past materials such as calcium hydroxide and calcium silicates. While sodium hypochlorite remains the gold standard for canal irrigation, numerous nanoparticle formulations have been developed to promote sustained antimicrobial action. Gutta-percha based bulk fillers remain the most common materials for root filling. However, while multiple studies focus on the development of novel formulations containing drugs, glass derivatives or ionic-, polymeric-, or drug- loaded nanoparticles, a lack of reliable and long-term clinical evidence obligates further study as experienced clinicians prefer to use what has worked for decades. This review delves in to the biochemistry of the materials to scrutinize their shortcomings, and where opportunity lies to further enhance their efficacy in endodontic practice. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:201-212, 2020.
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5.
Do probiotics promote oral health during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances? A systematic review.
Hadj-Hamou, R, Senok, AC, Athanasiou, AE, Kaklamanos, EG
BMC oral health. 2020;(1):126
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances has been associated with significant biofilm accumulation, thus putting patients at a higher risk of oral health deterioration. The use of probiotics has been proposed to be useful in the prevention or treatment of oral pathologies such as caries and diseases of periodontal tissues. Our aim was to investigate the effects of probiotic use on inflammation of the gingival tissues and the decalcification of the enamel in patients being treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. METHODS We searched without restrictions 8 databases and performed hand searching until September 2019. We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating whether individuals with fixed orthodontic appliances benefit from probiotic treatment in terms of the inflammation of the gingivae and decalcification of the enamel. Following the selection of studies and the extraction of pertinent data, we appraised the risk of bias and the confidence in the observed effects based on established methodologies. RESULTS From the final qualifying studies, three did not show any statistically significant effect on gingival inflammation after probiotic administration of up to 1 month. Similarly, non-significant differences were noted in another study regarding white spot lesions development (mean administration for 17 months). No adverse effects were reported and the level of evidence was considered moderate. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of orthodontic patients with probiotics did not affect the development of inflammation in the gingivae and decalcification in the enamel. Additional RCTs, with longer intervention and follow-up periods, and involving different combinations of probiotic strains are required. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42018118008).
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Application of green tea extracts epigallocatechin-3-gallate in dental materials: Recent progress and perspectives.
Liao, S, Tang, Y, Chu, C, Lu, W, Baligen, B, Man, Y, Qu, Y
Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A. 2020;(12):2395-2408
Abstract
Because of excellent biocompatibility, antioxidant activity, and anti-caries ability, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been widely studied in the treatment of oral diseases, such as periodontal disease, oral cancer, and dental caries. To reach the site of the lesion or achieve sustained release, play the role of anti-caries, anti-inflammatory, or to maintain or improve the physical properties of the modified material,EGCG need to be cross-linked or embedded with dental adhesives, barrier membranes, bone replacement materials, tissue regeneration materials, and antimicrobial anti-caries materials to better prevent or treat oral diseases. This article reviews the applications of EGCG in oral materials, involving various areas of the oral cavity, reveals their excellent potential, and sees shortcomings in these research to promote the better development of EGCG applications in oral materials such as oral repair materials, bone tissue engineering materials and antibacterial and anti-caries materials.
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7.
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis.
Sharifi, R, Jahedi, S, Mozaffari, HR, Imani, MM, Sadeghi, M, Golshah, A, Moradpoor, H, Safaei, M
BMC oral health. 2020;(1):132
Abstract
BACKGROUND This meta-analysis evaluated the association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility. METHODS We searched the Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases to retrieve articles published by October 2019. Review Manager 5.3 software was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The results of publication bias tests were retrieved by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 software. RESULTS A total of 150 relevant records were identified; out of which, 16 were entered into the analysis (4 studies assessed LTF, 11 ENAM, and 11 AMELX polymorphisms). Of all polymorphisms, there was a significant association only between ENAM rs3796704 polymorphism and dental caries susceptibility. Both ENAM rs3796704 and AMELX rs17878486 polymorphisms had a significant association with dental caries risk in the Caucasian ethnicity and the studies including caries-free control group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this meta-analysis showed that the G allele and the GG genotype of ENAM rs3796704 were associated with an increased risk of caries in the case group compared with the control group. But there was no association between LTF rs1126478, ENAM (rs1264848 and rs3796703), and AMELX (rs946252, rs17878486, and rs2106416) polymorphisms and dental caries susceptibility.
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8.
Xylitol's Health Benefits beyond Dental Health: A Comprehensive Review.
Salli, K, Lehtinen, MJ, Tiihonen, K, Ouwehand, AC
Nutrients. 2019;(8)
Abstract
Xylitol has been widely documented to have dental health benefits, such as reducing the risk for dental caries. Here we report on other health benefits that have been investigated for xylitol. In skin, xylitol has been reported to improve barrier function and suppress the growth of potential skin pathogens. As a non-digestible carbohydrate, xylitol enters the colon where it is fermented by members of the colonic microbiota; species of the genus Anaerostipes have been reported to ferment xylitol and produce butyrate. The most common Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species do not appear to be able to grow on xylitol. The non-digestible but fermentable nature of xylitol also contributes to a constipation relieving effect and improved bone mineral density. Xylitol also modulates the immune system, which, together with its antimicrobial activity contribute to a reduced respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, and otitis media risk. As a low caloric sweetener, xylitol may contribute to weight management. It has been suggested that xylitol also increases satiety, but these results are not convincing yet. The benefit of xylitol on metabolic health, in addition to the benefit of the mere replacement of sucrose, remains to be determined in humans. Additional health benefits of xylitol have thus been reported and indicate further opportunities but need to be confirmed in human studies.
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9.
Novel rechargeable calcium phosphate nanoparticle-filled dental cement.
Xie, X, Wang, L, Xing, D, Qi, M, Li, X, Sun, J, Melo, MAS, Weir, MD, Oates, TW, Bai, Y, et al
Dental materials journal. 2019;(1):1-10
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Abstract
The objectives were to develop a novel rechargeable cement containing amorphous calcium-phosphate nanoparticles (nanoACP) to suppress tooth decay. Five cements were made with: (1) 60% glass particles (experimental control); (2) 40% glass+20% nanoACP; (3) 30% glass+30% nanoACP; (4) 20% glass+40% nanoACP; (5) 10% glass+50% nanoACP. Groups 1-4 had enamel bond strengths similar to Transbond XT (3M) and Vitremer (3M) (p>0.1). The nanoACP cement had calcium and phosphate ion release which increased with increasing nanoACP fillers. The recharged cement had substantial ion re-release continuously for 14 days after a single recharge. Ion re-release did not decrease with increasing recharge/re-release cycles. Groups 3-5 maintained a safe pH of medium (>5.5); however, control cements had cariogenic pH of medium (<4.5) due to biofilm acid. Therefore, nanoACP cement (1) had good bond strength to enamel, (2) possessed calcium and phosphate ion recharge/re-release capability, and (3) raised biofilm pH to a safe level to inhibit caries.
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Randomized investigation of the bioavailability of fluoride in saliva after administration of sodium fluoride, amine fluoride and fluoride containing bioactive glass dentifrices.
Naumova, EA, Staiger, M, Kouji, O, Modric, J, Pierchalla, T, Rybka, M, Hill, RG, Arnold, WH
BMC oral health. 2019;(1):119
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bioactive glasses which degrade in aqueous solutions may release bioactive ions such as fluoride (F-) and support fluoride bioavailability in saliva. We investigated how these effects would be apparent in an in vivo experimental trial after toothbrushing in comparison with sodium fluoride and amine fluoride. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this single-center, randomized, parallel in vivo trial with a three strata block design, where healthy subjects were randomly assigned into three groups. Each group brushed their teeth either with fluoridated bioactive glass containing dentifrice, with a sodium fluoride (NaF) containing dentifrice or with amine fluoride (AmF) containing toothpaste. Saliva was collected time intervals before, immediately after, 30, 60 and 120 min after toothbrushing. Fluoride concentration was determined in supernatant saliva and salivary sediment using a fluoride ion selective electrode. The data were evaluated statistically using non-parametric tests. RESULTS The increase of bioactive fluoride in supernatant saliva was higher after application of NaF or AmF compared to fluoridated bioactive glass. In salivary sediment bioavailability of fluoride lasted longer after application of fluoridated bioactive glass. CONCLUSIONS Toothbrushing with the fluoride containing bioactive glass dentifrices had positive effects on the fluoride bioavailability within two hours. Fluoride containing bioactive glass represent a new area for investigation in caries prophylaxis. The bioactive potential impact on the tooth remineralization should be examined further. TRIAL REGISTRATION DRKS00016038 .