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1.
Immediate bonding properties of universal adhesives to dentine.
Muñoz, MA, Luque, I, Hass, V, Reis, A, Loguercio, AD, Bombarda, NH
Journal of dentistry. 2013;(5):404-11
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the dentine microtensile bond strength (μTBS), nanoleakage (NL), degree of conversion (DC) within the hybrid layer for etch-and-rinse and self-etch strategies of universal simplified adhesive systems. METHODS forty caries free extracted third molars were divided into 8 groups for μTBS (n=5), according to the adhesive and etching strategy: Clearfil SE Bond [CSE] and Adper Single Bond 2 [SB], as controls; Peak Universal Adhesive System, self-etch [PkSe] and etch-and-rinse [PkEr]; Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, self-etch [ScSe] and etch-and-rinse [ScEr]; All Bond Universal, self-etch [AlSe] and etch-and-rinse [AlEr]. After restorations were constructed, specimens were stored in water (37°C/24h) and then resin-dentine sticks were prepared (0.8mm(2)). The sticks were tested under tension at 0.5mm/min. Some sticks from each tooth group were used for DC determination by micro-Raman spectroscopy or nanoleakage evaluation (NL). The pH for each solution was evaluated using a pH metre. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). RESULTS For μTBS, only PkSe and PkEr were similar to the respective control groups (p>0.05). AlSe showed the lowest μTBS mean (p<0.05). For NL, ScEr, ScSe, AlSe, and AlEr showed the lowest NL similar to control groups (p<0.05). For DC, only ScSe showed lower DC than the other materials (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Performance of universal adhesives was shown to be material-dependent. The results indicate that this new category of universal adhesives used on dentine as either etch-and-rinse or self-etch strategies were inferior as regards at least one of the properties evaluated (μTBS, NL and DC) in comparison with the control adhesives (CSE for self-etch and SB for etch-and-rinse).
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2.
Effect of waiting interval on chemical activation mode of dual-cure one-step self-etching adhesives on bonding to root canal dentin.
Thitthaweerat, S, Nakajima, M, Foxton, RM, Tagami, J
Journal of dentistry. 2012;(12):1109-18
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of waiting interval on the chemical activation of dual-cure one-step self-etching adhesives before placing resin core materials on the regional bond strength to root canal dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight post spaces prepared in human lower premolars were applied with four dual-cure one-step self-etching adhesives Estelite Core Quick: ECB/ECQ, Clearfil DC Core Automix: CDB/CDC, Unifil Core EM: UNB/UNC, BeautiCore: BTB/BTC as the manufacturers' instructions. These adhesives were cured with light activation for 10 s, or chemical activation with 0, 10, and 30 s waiting intervals prior to placing resin core material. Resin core materials were then placed into the post space and light-cured for 60 s. After 24h water storage, each specimen was serially sliced into 8, 0.6 mm × 0.6 mm thick beams for the μTBS test. The regional μTBS data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Dunnett's T3 test (p < 0.05). RESULTS For the chemical activation with 10 and 30 s waiting intervals, ECB and CDB exhibited significantly improved μTBS, whereas for UNB and BTB, the μTBS were not significantly different but increased with waiting interval. On the other hand, light-activation of all the adhesives produced significantly higher μTBS to root canal dentin than chemical activation (p < 0.05), except for the UNB group. CONCLUSIONS For the chemical activation of dual-cure one-step self-etching adhesives, a waiting interval prior to placing resin core material improved μTBS to root canal dentin. Polymerising the adhesives before polymerisation reaction of resin core material would be effective for bonding to root canal dentin. CLINICAL RELEVANCE For chemical activation mode as well as light activation mode, pre-curing of adhesive layer before proceeding polymerisation of resin filling material would produce higher bonding performance to dentin in the cavity.
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3.
Degree of conversion of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives: In situ micro-Raman analysis.
Navarra, CO, Breschi, L, Turco, G, Diolosà, M, Fontanive, L, Manzoli, L, Di Lenarda, R, Cadenaro, M
Journal of dentistry. 2012;(9):711-7
Abstract
OBJECTIVES DC of three commercial two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives across the dentine-adhesive interface was investigated using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The hypothesis tested was that no difference in DC would exist among the adhesives tested. METHODS Adper Scotchbond 1XT (3M ESPE), Prime&Bond NT (Dentsply DeTrey), and Ambar (FGM) were applied on human dentine disks (n=9). Composite increments of 2mm were then applied on the adhesive surface. Raman spectra were collected along the dentine-adhesive interface. The relative intensities of the peaks associated with the mineral (PO(4)(3-) at 960cm(-1)) and the adhesive (CC at 1640cm(-1); phenyl CC at 1610cm(-1)) were used to identify the adhesive within the hybrid layer and calculate its DC. RESULTS Adper Scotchbond 1XT and Ambar showed similar DC (79±7% and 77±7%, respectively), while a lower DC was found for Prime&Bond NT (70±7%; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis tested was rejected because differences were found among the adhesives tested. The difference in DC among the three adhesive systems can be attributed to different monomer compositions and solvents. Further studies are needed to correlate DC with other mechanical properties of these adhesives. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Insufficient polymerization of an adhesive can result in a weak hybrid layer, and the presence of unreacted monomers may result in degradation of the polymeric network, decreasing the strength and longevity of the bond. In the present study, Adper Scotchbond 1XT and Ambar performed significantly better than Prime&Bond NT.
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4.
Hydrolytic degradation of the resin-dentine interface induced by the simulated pulpal pressure, direct and indirect water ageing.
Feitosa, VP, Leme, AA, Sauro, S, Correr-Sobrinho, L, Watson, TF, Sinhoreti, MA, Correr, AB
Journal of dentistry. 2012;(12):1134-43
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the hydrolytic effects induced by simulated pulpal pressure, direct or indirect water exposure within the resin-dentine interfaces created with three "simplified" resin bonding systems (RBSs). METHODS A two-step/self-etching (CSE: Clearfil SE Bond), one-step/self-etching (S3: Clearfil S3) and etch-and-rinse/self-priming (SB: Single-bond 2) adhesives were applied onto dentine and submitted to three different prolonged (6 or 12 months) ageing strategies: (i) Simulated Pulpal Pressure (SPP); (ii) Indirect Water Exposure (IWE: intact bonded-teeth); (iii) Direct Water Exposure (DWE: resin-dentine sticks). Control and aged specimens were submitted to microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage evaluation. Water sorption (WS) survey was also performed on resin disks. Results were analysed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS The μTBS of CS3 and SB dropped significantly (p < 0.05) after 6 months of SPP and DWE. CSE showed a significant μTBS reduction only after 12 months of DWE (p = 0.038). IWE promoted no statistical change in μTBS (p > 0.05) and no evident change in nanoleakage. Conversely, SPP induced a clear formation of "water-trees" in CS3 and SB. WS outcomes were CS3 > SB = CSE. CONCLUSION The hydrolytic degradation of resin-dentine interfaces depend upon the type of the in vitro ageing strategy employed in the experimental design. Direct water exposure remains the quickest method to age the resin-dentine bonds. However, the use of SPP may better simulate the in vivo scenario. However, the application of a separate hydrophobic solvent-free adhesive layer may reduce the hydrolytic degradation and increase the longevity of resin-dentine interfaces created with simplified adhesives.
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Evaluation of micro-tensile bond strength of caries-affected human dentine after three different caries removal techniques.
Sirin Karaarslan, E, Yildiz, E, Cebe, MA, Yegin, Z, Ozturk, B
Journal of dentistry. 2012;(10):793-801
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect that different techniques for removing dental caries had on the strength of the microtensile bond to caries-affected human dentine created by three bonding agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five human molar teeth containing carious lesions were randomly divided into three groups according to the technique that would be used to remove the caries: a conventional bur, an Er:YAG laser or a chemo-mechanical Carisolv(®) gel (n=15). Next, each of the three removal-technique groups was divided into three subgroups according to the bonding agents that would be used: Clearfil(®) SE Bond, G-Bond(®), or Adper(®) Single Bond 2 (n=5). Three 1mm(2) stick-shaped microtensile specimens from each tooth were prepared with a slow-speed diamond saw sectioning machine fitted with a diamond-rim blade (n=15 specimens). For each removal technique one dentine sample was analysed using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences in the resulting tensile strength of the bond among the techniques used to remove the caries and there were also statistically significant differences in the strength of the bond among the adhesive systems used. The etch-and-rinse adhesive system was the most affected by the technique used to remove the caries; of the three techniques tested, the chemo-mechanical removal technique worked best with the two-step self etch adhesive system. CONCLUSION The bond strength values of the etch-and-rinse adhesive system were affected by the caries removal techniques used in the present study. However, in the one- and two-step self etch adhesive systems, bond strength values were not affected by the caries removal techniques applied. While a chemo-mechanical caries removal technique, similar to Carisolv(®), may be suggested with self etch adhesive systems, in caries removal techniques with laser, etch-and-rinse systems might be preferred. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Caries removal methods may lead to differences in the characteristics of dentine surface. Dentine ultra structure generally affects the bonding of adhesive materials commonly used in restorative dentistry. Whereas etch-and-rinse system, like the ones used in the present study, are affected by these changes, the self etch systems are not affected. Hence, clinicians may opt for caries removal methods and systems appropriate for each patient and practice.
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Effects of ethanol-wet bonding technique on root dentine adhesion.
Duan, SS, Ouyang, XB, Pei, DD, Huo, YH, Pan, QH, Huang, C
The Chinese journal of dental research. 2011;(2):105-11
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of ethanol-wet bonding on the adhesion of experimental hydrophobic and commercial hydrophilic adhesives to root dentine. METHODS A total of 43 single-rooted integrated human premolars were selected and sectioned. Of the 86 initially obtained specimens, 66 were randomly and equally divided into water-wet bonding and ethanol-wet bonding groups (n = 33). The specimens of each group were subdivided into three subgroups (n = 11) based on different adhesives: two experimental hydrophobic adhesives (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA, BT; and UDMA/TEGDMA, UT) and one commercial hydrophilic adhesive (Adper™ Single Bond 2, SB). The root surfaces were ground, acid-etched and rinsed and resin composite applied. After storing in distilled water for 24 h at 37°C, the shear bond strength (SBS) of each specimen was measured. A sample from each subgroup was randomly selected and prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The remaining 20 specimens were used in the contact angle (CA) experiment, and the values of CA were measured. SBS was analysed with two-way ANOVA/Tukey's multiple comparison test and CA with independent sample t test. RESULTS A significant increase in SBS to root dentine was observed in the ethanol-wet bonding group compared with the traditional water-wet bonding group. The experimental hydrophobic adhesives (UT group) with ethanol-wet bonding presented the highest SBS (22.44 ± 3.32 MPa). CA increased significantly after the dentine surfaces were dried, especially for the water-saturated group. CONCLUSION The adhesion to root dentine surfaces with ethanol-wet bonding may be superior to water-wet bonding.
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Influence of endodontic irrigants on bond strength of a self-etching adhesive.
Farina, AP, Cecchin, D, Barbizam, JV, Carlini-Júnior, B
Australian endodontic journal : the journal of the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc. 2011;(1):26-30
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system to dentine irrigated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine solution (CX) and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) by microtensile testing. Sixty human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal level and then randomly divided into six groups: G1(control), without irrigant solution; G2, 1% NaOCl; G3, 1% NaOCl followed by the application of 17% EDTA; G4, 2% CX; G5, 2% CX followed by the application of 17% EDTA and G6, 17% EDTA. The specimens received the self-etching adhesive system were restored with composite resin, then sectioned and trimmed to obtain four hourglass-shaped slabs from each tooth. The specimens were submitted to the microtensile test in a Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm min(-1) until fracture. The results were submitted to statistical analysis by anova /Newman-Keuls. The means and standard deviations (MPa) were: G1, 26.88 (±3.81); G2, 19.08 (±3.89); G3, 18.16 (±2.21); G4, 18.14 (±4.32); G5, 34.30 (±3.32); G6, 13.61 (±1.21). It was concluded that the application of 2% CX followed by the application of 17% EDTA resulted in increasing the bond strength of the self-etching adhesive system to dentine, when compared with the results obtained for the other tested groups.
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Bond strength of HEMA-containing versus HEMA-free self-etch adhesive systems to dentin.
Felizardo, KR, Lemos, LV, de Carvalho, RV, Gonini Junior, A, Lopes, MB, Moura, SK
Brazilian dental journal. 2011;(6):468-72
Abstract
This study analyzed the bond strength (BS) of HEMA versus HEMA-free self-etch adhesive systems to dentin. The occlusal surface of 20 third molars was removed and the dentin was abraded with 600-grit silicon carbide paper. The teeth were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 5) and restored with GO, Adper SE Plus, OptiBond All-In-One, and Clearfil 3S Bond adhesive systems and Filtek Z350 composite. After light curing (600 mW/cm²), the teeth were stored in distilled water at 37 ºC for 24 h and were sectioned in the mesiodistal and buccolingual directions to obtain sticks (0.8 mm²). The sticks were subjected to tensile force using a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min), and the modes of failure were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and classified as adhesive, cohesive, or mixed. The BS data (in MPa) were treated using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests at 5% significance. GO presented the lowest mean bond strength value (10.57 ± 3.72) and differed significantly from the other materials (p = 0.001), which, in turn, presented statistically similar results (p>0.05) among themselves: Adper SE Plus (29.08 ± 8.93), OptiBond All-In-One (28.36 ± 6.49), and Clearfil 3S Bond (28.62 ± 6.97). Mixed fractures were the most prevalent. It was concluded that the influence of HEMA on BS to dentin was material dependent.
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Nanoleakage inhibition within hybrid layer using new protective chemicals and their effect on adhesion.
Dündar, M, Ozcan, M, Cömlekoglu, ME, Sen, BH
Journal of dental research. 2011;(1):93-8
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Abstract
Hybrid-layer degradation occurs because of acidic properties of currently used adhesive systems. Titanium tetrafluoride couples with tooth surface, and titanium compounds are not substituted. Caffeic acid phenethyl esther inhibits endogenous matrix metalloproteinases that cause hybrid-layer degradation. It was hypothesized that titanium tetrafluoride and caffeic acid phenethyl esther application on exposed dentine surfaces before adhesive applications would inhibit nanoleakage and hybrid-layer degradation without compromising the bond strength of the adhesives. In ultracut thin sections, human dentine-chemical agent-adhesive composite interfaces were observed under transmission electron microscope with complementary scanning electron microscopy. Microtensile bond strength tests were also accomplished. Titanium tetrafluoride and titanium tetrafluoride + caffeic acid phenethyl esther applications decreased bond strength values. Caffeic acid phenethyl esther showed decreased silver nitrate penetration for cements based on Bisphenol glycydilmethacrylate and methyl methacrylate, whereas cement based on 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride methyl methacrylate showed almost no infiltration. Caffeic acid phenethyl esther application before cementation could inhibit nanoleakage and biodegradation of the hybrid layer.
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Combination of a self-etching adhesive and a resin-modified glass ionomer: effect of water and saliva contamination on bond strength to dentin.
Dursun, E, Attal, JP
The journal of adhesive dentistry. 2011;(5):439-43
Abstract
PURPOSE Because studies have shown that adherence to dentin of resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGI) can be improved by surface treatment with a self-etching adhesive (SEA), the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the water and saliva tolerance of this combination before and after application of SEA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy cylinders of an RMGI (Fuji II LC) were bonded to the dentin of human teeth: 10 without any surface treatment, 10 after polyalkenoic acid conditioning, 10 after application of SEA, 10 after application of SEA on water contaminated dentin, 10 after application of SEA on saliva contaminated dentin, 10 on water contaminated light-cured SEA, and 10 on saliva contaminated light-cured SEA. The shear bond strength (SBS) was determined in a universal testing machine and the site of bond failure recorded. A Kruskal-Wallis test was performed followed by Games-Howell post-hoc pairwise comparison tests on the SBS results (p < 0.05), and a chi-square test was used for the fractographic analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS The lowest SBS was obtained without conditioning (5 ± 1 MPa). Polyalkenoic acid improved SBS (8 ± 2 MPa) and SEA increased it very significantly (15 ± 2 MPa), even in the case of water contamination (16 ± 2 MPa before application of SEA, 21 ± 4 MPa after application of SEA), or saliva contamination (20 ± 7 MPa before application of SEA, 19 ± 6 MPa after application of SEA). The group bonded without conditioning resulted in only adhesive fractures, showing a statistically significant difference from the other groups. CONCLUSION SEA in association with the Fuji II LC RMGI increased the SBS very significantly, even in the case of water or saliva contamination.