1.
Addendum to "Cognitive function in 18-month-old term infants of the DIAMOND study: a randomized, controlled clinical trial with multiple dietary levels of docosahexaenoic acid" [Early Hum. Dev. 87 (2011) 223-230].
Drover, JR, Hoffman, DR, Wheaton, DH, Birch, EE, CastaƱeda, YS, Morale, SE, Garfield, S
Early human development. 2013;(3):195
2.
Nitrogen utilization and bone mineralization in very low birth weight infants fed partially hydrolyzed preterm formula.
Picaud, JC, Lapillonne, A, Rigo, J, Normand, S, Reygrobellet, B, Claris, O, Salle, BL
Seminars in perinatology. 2002;(6):439-46
Abstract
Partialy hydrolyzed formulas have been proposed for term and preterm infants, but decreased nitrogen and calcium intestinal absorption rates, together with plasma amino acid imbalances have been reported in preterm infants. We evaluated a new formula with modified nitrogen and calcium sources (glycerophosphate). During their second week of life, 16 preterm infants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: 9 were fed the new partially hydrolyzed formula and 7 a conventional formula. A nutrient balance was performed at the end of the first month of life. Amino acid concentrations and whole-body mineralization were measured at the end of study period (theoretical term). Birth weight and gestational age (mean +/- SD) were similar in the 2 groups (28.9 +/- 7.0 wks and 1,183 +/- 242 g v 27.7 +/- 1.0 wks and 1,139 +/- 162 g). Median nitrogen absorption rate (85% v 89%; P = .03) was lower in infants fed the new formula than in those fed the conventional one. After correction for difference in nitrogen intake, there was no significant difference in N retained between the 2 groups (P = .11). Plasma amino acid concentrations were also similar in the 2 groups. At theoretical term, median bone mineral content was not significantly different between the 2 groups (50 g/kg v 55 g/kg; P = .17) and it was close to the reference values obtained in term neonates just after birth. As long as nitrogen content is 10% higher in protein hydrolyzed formula than in entire protein formula, appropriate nitrogen retention, plasma amino acid profile can be achieved with the new partially hydrolyzed formula. In both groups, bone mineralization at theoretical term was close to the mineralization observed term neonates just after birth.
3.
Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life.
Singhal, A, Farooqi, IS, O'Rahilly, S, Cole, TJ, Fewtrell, M, Lucas, A
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2002;(6):993-9
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formula feeding or overweight in infancy may increase the later risk of obesity, but the mechanisms involved are uncertain. Because obesity is associated with high leptin concentrations relative to fat mass, programming of leptin concentrations may be one mechanism by which early nutrition influences later obesity. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that high nutrient intake or formula feeding in infancy programs greater leptin concentrations relative to fat mass in later life. DESIGN Serum leptin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in 197 adolescents aged 13-16 y who were born preterm and randomly assigned at birth to receive either a nutrient-enriched preterm formula or banked donated breast milk (trial 1) or a preterm formula or a standard formula (trial 2). Fat mass was estimated with the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis. RESULTS After combining the results of trials 1 and 2 as planned, the ratio of leptin to fat mass was significantly greater in the children who received the preterm formula (geometric : 0.84 microg x L(-1) x kg(-1)) than in those who received standard formula or banked breast milk (0.62 microg x L(-1) x kg(-1); mean difference: 30.8%; 95% CI for difference: 8.4%, 53.2%; P = 0.007). The difference between the diet groups remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, Tanner stage, social class, and fat mass. Human milk intake was significantly associated with lower leptin concentrations relative to fat mass in adolescence (P = 0.023), independent of potential confounding factors. CONCLUSION Programming of relative leptin concentrations by early diet may be one mechanism that links early nutrition with later obesity.
4.
Erythrocyte incorporation of iron by infants: iron bioavailability from a low-iron infant formula and an evaluation of the usefulness of correcting erythrocyte incorporation values, using a reference dose or plasma ferritin concentrations.
Davidsson, L, Ziegler, EE, Kastenmayer, P, Hurrell, RF
The British journal of nutrition. 2000;(6):847-53
Abstract
Bioavailability of iron (Fe) from a low-Fe infant formula was determined by erythrocyte incorporation of 58Fe 14 d after administration in ten healthy, non-Fe-deficient infants. Two feeding protocols were compared, with each infant acting as his/her own control. At 140 and 154 d of age, infants were fed 1000 g of 58Fe-labelled formula (1.44 mg total Fe/1000 g) as six feeds over 24 h (Protocol A) or as two feeds/day on three consecutive days (Protocol B). A water solution with 57Fe and ascorbic acid was given separately as a reference dose in both study protocols. Erythrocyte incorporation of 58Fe and 57Fe was determined by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. Geometric mean 58Fe incorporation was 7.6% (range 3.3-13.5%) with Protocol A as compared to 10.6% (range 6.7-18.6%) with Protocol B (P = 0.05); paired t test. Inter-individual variability of 58Fe was not reduced by correcting for the incorporation of 57Fe from the reference dose, or by correcting for plasma ferritin concentration. Fractional erythrocyte incorporation of Fe from low-Fe infant formula was in the same range as our earlier published data on erythrocyte incorporation of Fe from human milk extrinsically labelled with 58Fe (Davidsson et al. 1994a). The methodological evaluations included in this study clearly indicate the importance of using standardised study protocols when evaluating Fe bioavailability in infants. Corrections of erythrocyte incorporation data based on plasma ferritin or erythrocyte incorporation of Fe from a reference dose were not found to be useful.