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1.
Role of Ionic Strength in the Formation of Stable Supramolecular Nanoparticle-Protein Conjugates for Biosensing.
Brancolini, G, Rotello, VM, Corni, S
International journal of molecular sciences. 2022;(4)
Abstract
Monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit distinct physical and chemical properties depending on the nature of the ligand chemistry. A commonly employed NP monolayer comprises hydrophobic molecules linked to a shell of PEG and terminated with functional end group, which can be charged or neutral. Different layers of the ligand shell can also interact in different manners with proteins, expanding the range of possible applications of these inorganic nanoparticles. AuNP-fluorescent Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) conjugates are gaining increasing attention in sensing applications. Experimentally, their stability is observed to be maintained at low ionic strength conditions, but not at physiologically relevant conditions of higher ionic strength, limiting their applications in the field of biosensors. While a significant amount of fundamental work has been done to quantify electrostatic interactions of colloidal nanoparticle at the nanoscale, a theoretical description of the ion distribution around AuNPs still remains relatively unexplored. We perform extensive atomistic simulations of two oppositely charged monolayer-protected AuNPs interacting with fluorescent supercharged GFPs co-engineered to have complementary charges. These simulations were run at different ionic strengths to disclose the role of the ionic environment on AuNP-GFP binding. The results highlight the capability of both AuNPs to intercalate ions and water molecules within the gold-sulfur inner shell and the different tendency of ligands to bend inward allowing the protein to bind not only with the terminal ligands but also the hydrophobic alkyl chains. Different binding stability is observed in the two investigated cases as a function of the ligand chemistry.
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2.
The thyroid hormone converting enzyme human deiodinase 1 is inhibited by gold ions from inorganic salts, organic substances, and by small-size nanoparticles.
Weber, AG, Birk, B, Müller, C, Schneider, S, van Ravenzwaay, B, Funk-Weyer, D, Landsiedel, R
Chemico-biological interactions. 2022;:109709
Abstract
The selenocysteine-containing enzyme class deiodinases (DIO) consists of three isoforms. DIOs play a role in regulation of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling through the removal of iodide from TH leading to TH that interact with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis with differing potency. Some gold-containing organic substances are known to inhibit many selenoenzymes, including DIOs. It is, however, unclear whether the Au-containing substances or the Au ions are causing the inhibition. In this study, five organic and inorganic gold substances as well as three gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were tested for their potential to inhibit DIO1. The enzyme activity was tested using human liver microsomes as an enzyme source and reverse T3 as a substrate; iodide release was measured by the Sandell-Kolthoff method. The three organic gold substances aurothioglucose, auranofin and sodium aurothiomalate inhibited DIO1 with IC50 between 0.38 and 0.75 μM while their structural analogues lacking the gold ion did not. Likewise, the two tested gold salts, Au(I) and Au(III) chloride, showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of the DIO1 with IC50 values of 0.95 and 0.57 μM. Further, AuNPs of different sizes (100, 30 and 5 nm diameter) were tested with only the 5 nm AuNPs leading to inhibition with an IC50 of 8 × 1014 AuNP/L. This inhibition was not caused by the Au ions released by the AuNP into the incubation media. The exact mechanism of inhibition of DIO1 by 5 nm AuNPs should be further examined. In conclusion, the microsomal DIO1 assay demonstrated the inhibition of DIO1 by gold ions originating from different gold-containing substances, but not by Au released from AuNPs; rather DIO1 is inhibited by 5 nm, but not larger, AuNPs.
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3.
Optimization for biogenic microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles through response surface methodology, characterization, their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and catalytic potential.
Ibrahim, S, Ahmad, Z, Manzoor, MZ, Mujahid, M, Faheem, Z, Adnan, A
Scientific reports. 2021;(1):770
Abstract
Silver is a poisonous but precious heavy metal that has widespread application in various biomedical and environmental divisions. Wide-ranging usage of the metal has twisted severe environmental apprehensions. Henceforth there is a cumulative call for the progress of modest, low-cost and, the ecological method for remediation of silver. In the present study, Bacillus cereus was isolated from contaminated soil. Various experimental factors like the amount of AgNO3, inoculum size, temperature, time, and pH were improved by using central composite design (CCD) grounded on response surface methodology (RSM). Optimized values for AgNO3 (1 mM) 10 ml, inoculum size (Bacillus cereus) 8.7 ml, temperature 48.5 °C, time 69 h, and pH 9 showed in the form of optimized ramps. The formed nanoparticles stayed characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry, particle size analyzer, and X-ray diffraction. The particle size ranges from 5 to 7.06 nm with spherical form. The antimicrobial effectiveness of synthesized nanoparticles was tested contrary to five multidrug resistant microbial strains, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Porteus mirabilis by disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum lethal concentrations were detected by the broth macro dilution method. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) was used to check the free radical scavenging ability of biogenic silver nanoparticles. Similarly, anti-radical activity was checked by 2,2'-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid (ABTS) with varying time intervals. Catalytic potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was also investigated.
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4.
Research progress on toxicity, function, and mechanism of metal oxide nanoparticles on vascular endothelial cells.
Wang, Z, Tang, M
Journal of applied toxicology : JAT. 2021;(5):683-700
Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles present stable and unique performance that makes them suitable for various biomedical applications. There are four common exposure ways that nanoparticles enter our body: injection, inhalation, skin penetration, and ingestion. Among them, injection, ingestion, and skin routes may become significant ways for nano-scale treatment and cosmetics, and inhalation is the essential way for occupational exposure. All those nanoparticles could pass through the exposure routes and enter the circulation, which could cause damage on the cardiovascular system. So it is necessary to evaluate the toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles and to explore the mechanism. This review chose four commonly used nanometal oxides to discuss about the toxicity they produced, the function they affected, and the mechanisms on cardiovascular endothelial cells. First, we discussed the toxicity they caused. These nanoparticles are less toxic when applied in low doses, but owing to the small particle size and large specific surface area, acute exposure or the metal ions released by nanoparticles will lead to phenotypic changes of endothelial cells, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. An endothelial cell is an essential part of blood vessels and could act as a barrier, maintain vascular tension, and keep the balance between coagulation and anticoagulation. Once vascular endothelium is injured or exposed to vascular risk factors, it would cause endothelial activation, endothelial dysfunction, and nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) dysfunction, which are closely related to the cardiovascular disease. Finally, we talked about the mechanisms by four levels, and we especially mentioned inflammation, the production of reactive oxygen species, and NO.
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5.
Metal-based nanoparticles, sensors, and their multifaceted application in food packaging.
Kumar, A, Choudhary, A, Kaur, H, Mehta, S, Husen, A
Journal of nanobiotechnology. 2021;(1):256
Abstract
Due to the global rise of the human population, one of the top-most challenges for poor and developing nations is to use the food produces safely and sustainably. In this regard, the storage of surplus food (and derived products) without loss of freshness, nutrient stability, shelf life, and their parallel efficient utilization will surely boost the food production sector. One of the best technologies that have emerged within the last twenty years with applications in the packaging of food and industrial materials is the use of green mode-based synthesized nanoparticles (NPs). These NPs are stable, advantageous as well as eco-friendly. Over the several years, numerous publications have confirmed that these NPs exert antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activity against a plethora of pathogens. The storage in metal-based NPs (M-NPs) does not hamper the food properties and packaging efficiency. Additionally, these M-NPs help in the improvement of properties including freshness indicators, mechanical properties, antibacterial and water vapor permeability during food packaging. As a result, the nano-technological application facilitates a simple, alternate, interactive as well as reliable technology. It even provides positive feedback to food industries and packaging markets. Taken together, the current review paper is an attempt to highlight the M-NPs for prominent applications of antimicrobial properties, nanosensors, and food packaging of food items. Additionally, some comparative reports associated with M-NPs mechanism of action, risks, toxicity, and overall future perspectives have also been made.
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6.
Broad-spectrum electrochemical immunosensor based on one-step electrodeposition of AuNP-Abs and Prussian blue nanocomposite for organophosphorus pesticide detection.
Dong, H, Zhao, Q, Li, J, Xiang, Y, Liu, H, Guo, Y, Yang, Q, Sun, X
Bioprocess and biosystems engineering. 2021;(3):585-594
Abstract
Broad-spectrum antibodies can effectively recognize substances with similar structures and have broad application prospects in field rapid detection. In this study, broad-spectrum antibodies (Abs) against organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) were used as sensitive recognition elements, which could effectively recognize most OPs. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have good biocompatibility. It combined with Abs to form a gold-labeled probe (AuNPs-Abs), which enhances the effective binding of antibodies to nanomaterials. Prussian blue (PB) was added to electrodeposition solution to enhance the conductivity, resulting in superior electrochemical performance. The AuNP-Abs-PB composite film was prepared by electrodeposition on the electrode surface to improve the anti-interference ability and stability of the immunosensor. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the immunosensor had a wide detection range (IC20-IC80: 1.82 × 10-3-3.29 × 104 ng/mL) and high sensitivity. Most importantly, it was simple to be prepared and could be used to detect multiple OPs.
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7.
Functionalization of Metal and Carbon Nanoparticles with Potential in Cancer Theranostics.
Mauro, N, Utzeri, MA, Varvarà, P, Cavallaro, G
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;(11)
Abstract
Cancer theranostics is a new concept of medical approach that attempts to combine in a unique nanoplatform diagnosis, monitoring and therapy so as to provide eradication of a solid tumor in a non-invasive fashion. There are many available solutions to tackle cancer using theranostic agents such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) under the guidance of imaging techniques (e.g., magnetic resonance-MRI, photoacoustic-PA or computed tomography-CT imaging). Additionally, there are several potential theranostic nanoplatforms able to combine diagnosis and therapy at once, such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs), graphene oxide (GO), superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and carbon nanodots (CDs). Currently, surface functionalization of these nanoplatforms is an extremely useful protocol for effectively tuning their structures, interface features and physicochemical properties. This approach is much more reliable and amenable to fine adjustment, reaching both physicochemical and regulatory requirements as a function of the specific field of application. Here, we summarize and compare the most promising metal- and carbon-based theranostic tools reported as potential candidates in precision cancer theranostics. We focused our review on the latest developments in surface functionalization strategies for these nanosystems, or hybrid nanocomposites consisting of their combination, and discuss their main characteristics and potential applications in precision cancer medicine.
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8.
Recent insights into the impact, fate and transport of cerium oxide nanoparticles in the plant-soil continuum.
Prakash, V, Peralta-Videa, J, Tripathi, DK, Ma, X, Sharma, S
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2021;:112403
Abstract
The advent of the nanotechnology era offers a unique opportunity for sustainable agriculture provided that the exposure and toxicity are adequately assessed and properly controlled. The global production and application of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) in various industrial sectors have tremendously increased. Most of the nanoparticles end up in water and soil where they interact with soil microorganisms and plants. Investigating the uptake, translocation and accumulation of CeO2-NPs is critical for its safe application in agriculture. Plant uptake of CeO2-NPs may lead to their accumulation in different plant tissues and interference with key metabolic processes of plants. Soil microbes can also be affected by increasing CeO2-NPs in soil, leading to changes in the physiology and enzymatic activity of soil microorganisms. The interactions between CeO2-NPs, microbes and plants in the agricultural system need systemic research in ecologically relevant conditions. In the present review, The uptake pathways and in-planta translocation of CeO2-NPs,and their impact on plant morphology, nutritional values, antioxidant enzymes and molecular determinants are presented. The role of CeO2-NPs in modifying soil microbial community in plant rhizosphere is also discussed. Overall, the review aims to provide a comprehensive account on the behaviour of CeO2-NPs in soil-plant systems and their potential impacts on the soil microbial community and plant health.
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9.
Polymer Nanocomposites of Selenium Biofabricated Using Fungi.
Tsivileva, O, Pozdnyakov, A, Ivanova, A
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;(12)
Abstract
Nanoparticle-reinforced polymer-based materials effectively combine the functional properties of polymers and unique characteristic features of NPs. Biopolymers have attained great attention, with perspective multifunctional and high-performance nanocomposites exhibiting a low environmental impact with unique properties, being abundantly available, renewable, and eco-friendly. Nanocomposites of biopolymers are termed green biocomposites. Different biocomposites are reported with numerous inorganic nanofillers, which include selenium. Selenium is a micronutrient that can potentially be used in the prevention and treatment of diseases and has been extensively studied for its biological activity. SeNPs have attracted increasing attention due to their high bioavailability, low toxicity, and novel therapeutic properties. One of the best routes to take advantage of SeNPs' properties is by mixing these NPs with polymers to obtain nanocomposites with functionalities associated with the NPs together with the main characteristics of the polymer matrix. These nanocomposite materials have markedly improved properties achieved at low SeNP concentrations. Composites based on polysaccharides, including fungal beta-glucans, are bioactive, biocompatible, biodegradable, and have exhibited an innovative potential. Mushrooms meet certain obvious requirements for the green entity applied to the SeNP manufacturing. Fungal-matrixed selenium nanoparticles are a new promising biocomposite material. This review aims to give a summary of what is known by now about the mycosynthesized selenium polymeric nanocomposites with the impact on fungal-assisted manufactured ones, the mechanisms of the involved processes at the chemical reaction level, and problems and challenges posed in this area.
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10.
Synthesis and modification of bio-derived antibacterial Ag and ZnO nanoparticles by plants, fungi, and bacteria.
Alavi, M, Nokhodchi, A
Drug discovery today. 2021;(8):1953-1962
Abstract
Ag and ZnO nanoparticles (NP) can be prepared by physical, chemical, or eco-friendly methods. The biosynthesis of metal and metal oxide NPs by plants, fungi, and bacteria could be a promising way to obtain biocompatible NPs that have desirable antibacterial activities. However, the uniformity of shape, size, and size distribution of NPs are crucial to producing significant antibacterial results, particularly in physiological conditions such as infected wounds or septicemia. In this review, we discuss recent progress and challenges in the use of novel approaches for the biosynthesis of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles that have antibacterial activities.