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Potential applications of hydrophobically modified inulin as an active ingredient in functional foods and drugs - A review.
Usman, M, Zhang, C, Patil, PJ, Mehmood, A, Li, X, Bilal, M, Haider, J, Ahmad, S
Carbohydrate polymers. 2021;:117176
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Abstract
Over the past few years, hydrophobically modified inulin (HMI) has gained considerable attention due to its multitudinous features. The targeted release of drugs remains a subject of research interest. Moreover, it is important to explore the properties of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) inulin esters because they are less studied. Additionally, HMI has been used to stabilize various dispersion formulations, which have been observed to be safe because inulin is generally recognized as safe (GRAS). However, the results regarding HMI-based dispersion products are dispersed throughout the literature. This comprehensive review is discussed the possible limitations regarding SCFAs inulin esters, real food dispersion formulations, and HMI drugs. The results revealed that SCFAs inulin esters can regulate the human gut microbiota and increase the biological half-life of SCFAs in the human body. This comprehensive review discusses the versatility of HMI as a promising excipient for the production of hydrophobic drugs.
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Circulating Gut Microbiota Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and Changes in Bone Density in Response to Weight Loss Diets: The POUNDS Lost Trial.
Zhou, T, Heianza, Y, Chen, Y, Li, X, Sun, D, DiDonato, JA, Pei, X, LeBoff, MS, Bray, GA, Sacks, FM, et al
Diabetes care. 2019;(8):1365-1371
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes is related to obesity and altered bone health, and both are affected by gut microbiota. We examined associations of weight loss diet-induced changes in a gut microbiota-related metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and its precursors (choline and l-carnitine), with changes in bone mineral density (BMD) considering diabetes-related factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the 2-year Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial (POUNDS Lost), 264 overweight and obese participants with measurement of BMD by DXA scan were included in the present analysis. The participants were randomly assigned to one of four diets varying in macronutrient intake. Association analysis was performed in pooled participants and different diet groups. Changes in blood levels of TMAO, choline, and l-carnitine from baseline to 6 months after the dietary intervention were calculated. RESULTS We found that a greater reduction in plasma levels of TMAO from baseline to 6 months was associated with a greater loss in whole-body BMD at 6 months and 2 years (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02). The greater reduction in TMAO was also associated with a greater loss in spine BMD (P = 0.005) at 2 years, independent of body weight changes. The associations were not modified by baseline diabetes status and glycemic levels. Changes in l-carnitine, a precursor of TMAO, showed interactions with dietary fat intake in regard to changes of spine BMD and hip BMD at 6 months (all P < 0.05). Participants with the smallest decrease in l-carnitine showed less bone loss in the low-fat diet group than the high-fat diet group (P spine = 0.03 and P hip = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS TMAO might protect against BMD reduction during weight loss, independent of diet interventions varying in macronutrient content and baseline diabetes risk factors. Dietary fat may modify the relation between change in plasma l-carnitine level and changes in BMD. Our findings highlight the importance of investigating the relation between TMAO and bone health in patients with diabetes.
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Gut microbiota metabolites, amino acid metabolites and improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism: the POUNDS Lost trial.
Heianza, Y, Sun, D, Li, X, DiDonato, JA, Bray, GA, Sacks, FM, Qi, L
Gut. 2019;(2):263-270
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in gut microbiota have been linked to host insulin resistance, diabetes and impaired amino acid metabolism. We investigated whether changes in gut microbiota-dependent metabolite of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its nutrient precursors (choline and L-carnitine) were associated with improvements in glucose metabolism and diabetes-related amino acids in a weight-loss diet intervention. DESIGN We included 504 overweight and obese adults who were randomly assigned to one of four energy-reduced diets varying in macronutrient intake. The 6-month changes (Δ) in TMAO, choline and L-carnitine levels after the intervention were calculated. RESULTS Greater decreases in choline and L-carnitine were significantly (p<0.05) associated with greater improvements in fasting insulin concentrations and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at 6 months. The reduction of choline was significantly related to 2-year improvements in glucose and insulin resistance. We found significant linkages between dietary fat intake and ΔTMAO for changes in fasting glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR (pinteraction <0.05); a greater increase in TMAO was related to lesser improvements in the outcomes among participants who consumed a high-fat diet. In addition, ΔL-carnitine and Δcholine were significantly related to changes in amino acids (including branched-chain and aromatic amino acids). Interestingly, the associations of ΔTMAO, Δcholine and ΔL-carnitine with diabetes-related traits were independent of the changes in amino acids. CONCLUSION Our findings underscore the importance of changes in TMAO, choline and L-carnitine in improving insulin sensitivity during a weight-loss intervention for obese patients. Dietary fat intake may modify the associations of TMAO with insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00072995.