1.
Interfacial Adsorption of a Monoclonal Antibody and Its Fab and Fc Fragments at the Oil/Water Interface.
Ruane, S, Li, Z, Campana, M, Hu, X, Gong, H, Webster, JRP, Uddin, F, Kalonia, C, Bishop, SM, van der Walle, CF, et al
Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids. 2019;(42):13543-13552
Abstract
The physical stability of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) solution for injection in a prefilled syringe may in part depend on its behavior at the silicone oil/water interface. Here, the adsorption of a mAb (termed COE-3) and its fragment antigen-binding (Fab) and crystallizable (Fc) at the oil/water interface was measured using neutron reflection. A 1.4 ± 0.1 μm hexadecane oil film was formed on a sapphire block by a spin-freeze-thaw process, retaining its integrity upon contact with the protein solutions. Measurements revealed that adsorbed COE-3 and its Fab and Fc fragments retained their globular structure, forming layers that did not penetrate substantially into the oil phase. COE-3 and Fc were found to adsorb flat-on to the interface, with denser 45 and 42 Å inner layers, respectively, in contact with the oil and a more diffuse 17-21 Å outer layer caused by fragments adsorbing in a tilted manner. In contrast, Fab fragments formed a uniform 60 Å monolayer. Monolayers were formed under all conditions studied (10-200 ppm, using three isotopic contrasts), although changes in packing density across the COE-3 and Fc layers were observed. COE-3 had a higher affinity to the interface than either of its constituent fragments, while Fab had a lower interfacial affinity consistent with its higher net surface charge. This study extends the application of high-resolution neutron reflection measurements to the study of protein adsorption at the oil/water interface using an experimental setup mimicking the protein drug product in a siliconized prefilled syringe.
2.
Is water exchange superior to water immersion for colonoscopy? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, Z, Li, Z, Yu, X, Wang, G
Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association. 2018;(5):259-267
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recently, water exchange (WE) instead of water immersion (WI) for colonoscopy has been proposed to decrease pain and improve adenoma detection rate (ADR). This systematic review and meta-analysis is conducted to assess whether WE is superior to WI based on the published randomized controlled trials (RCTs). MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched studies from PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. Only RCTs were eligible for our study. The pooled risk ratios (RRs), pooled mean difference (MD), and pooled 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using the fixed-effects model or random-effects model based on heterogeneity. RESULTS Five RCTs consisting of 2229 colonoscopies were included in this study. WE was associated with a significantly higher ADR than WI (RR = 1.18; CI = 1.05-1.32; P = 0.004), especially in right colon (RR = 1.31; CI = 1.07-1.61; P = 0.01). Compared with WI, WE was confirmed with lower pain score, higher Boston Bowel Preparation Scale score, but more infused water during insertion. There was no statistical difference between WE and WI in cecal intubation rate and the number of patients who had willingness to repeat the examination. Furthermore, both total procedure time and cecal intubation time in WE were significantly longer than that in WI (MD = 2.66; CI = 1.42-3.90; P < 0.0001; vs MD = 4.58; CI = 4.01-5.15; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that WE is superior to WI in improving ADR, attenuating insertion pain and providing better bowel cleansing, but inferior in time and consumption of infused water consumption during insertion.
3.
Phosphorous fertilization alleviates drought effects on Alnus cremastogyne by regulating its antioxidant and osmotic potential.
Tariq, A, Pan, K, Olatunji, OA, Graciano, C, Li, Z, Sun, F, Zhang, L, Wu, X, Chen, W, Song, D, et al
Scientific reports. 2018;(1):5644
Abstract
Alnus cremastogyne, a broad-leaved tree endemic to south-western China, has both commercial and restoration importance. However, little is known of its morphological, physiological and biochemical responses to drought and phosphorous (P) application. A randomized experimental design was used to investigate how drought affected A. cremastogyne seedlings, and the role that P applications play in these responses. Drought had significant negative effects on A. cremastogyne growth and metabolism, as revealed by reduced biomass (leaf, shoot and root), leaf area, stem diameter, plant height, photosynthetic rate, leaf relative water content, and photosynthetic pigments, and a weakened antioxidative defence mechanism and high lipid peroxidation level. However, the reduced leaf area and enhanced osmolyte (proline and soluble sugars) accumulation suggests drought avoidance and tolerance strategies in this tree. Applying P significantly improved the leaf relative water content and photosynthetic rate of drought-stressed seedlings, which may reflect increased anti-oxidative enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) activities, osmolyte accumulation, soluble proteins, and decreased lipid peroxidation levels. However, P had only a slight or negligible effect on the well-watered plants. A. cremastogyne is sensitive to drought stress, but P facilitates and improves its metabolism primarily via biochemical and physiological rather than morphological adjustments, regardless of water availability.
4.
[Mechanism of stomatal regulation by root sourced signaling and its agricultural signficance].
Guo, A, Li, Z, Liu, G, Yang, Y, An, S
Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology. 2004;(6):1095-9
Abstract
Under soil drought condition, root sourced signal abcisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in the long distance signaling process, and can be a measurement of soil water availability. ABA is also an effective stomatal closing agent, and acts to reduce transpiration and canopy water loss. This paper briefly introduced the physiological mechanism and theoretical model about the stomatal regulation by root sourced signaling, and indicated that the combination of this model with root water absorption model and stomatal conductance model could be more effective in depicting the response of plant to soil drying and atmospheric drought. In addition, some effective irrigation approaches, such as regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), partial root-zone drying (PRD) and controlled alternative irrigation (CAI) were profited from the mechanism of plant water use regulation by the root sourced signaling. These irrigation measures favored to reasonably distribute available soil water in root-zone. Root signaling system also played important role in regulating root growth and its development, retarding shoot growth to adjusting root shoot ratio, and optimizing assimilation allocation to favor to improve reproductive development. These processes hold substantial promise for enhancing crop water use efficiency.