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Prevalence and risk factors of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes among Chinese children and adolescents: a national observational study.
Wang, Z, Zou, Z, Wang, H, Jing, J, Luo, J, Zhang, X, Luo, C, Zhao, H, Pan, D, Ma, J, et al
The British journal of nutrition. 2018;(7):813-819
Abstract
The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes mellitus (DM) has reportedly increased significantly among Chinese children and adolescents. We aimed to examine the prevalence of IFG and DM, the disparities in sex and region and related risk factors among Chinese children and adolescents. A total of 16 434 Chinese children aged 6-17 years were selected from a national cross-sectional survey, and fasting glucose was measured for all participants. Overall, mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration was (4·64 (sd 0·51)) mmol/l, and the prevalence of DM and IFG was 0·10 and 1·89 %, respectively. Compared with girls, boys had higher FPG concentration (4·69 v. 4·58 mmol/l, r 0·107, P<0·001) and IFG prevalence (2·67 v. 1·07 %, r φ 0·059, P<0·001). Compared with rural children and adolescents, urban children and adolescent had higher FPG concentration (4·65 v. 4·62 mmol/l, r 0·029, P<0·001) and DM prevalence (0·15 v. 0·05 %, r φ 0·016, P<0·01). In addition, self-reported fried foods intake and overweight/obesity were positively associated with IFG, and the proportion of consuming fried foods more than or equal to once per week and overweight/obesity prevalence in boys and urban children and adolescents were significantly higher than girls and rural children and adolescents, respectively (P<0·05). Although the prevalence of IFG and DM was relatively low in Chinese children and adolescents, sex and region disparities were observed, which may be associated with differences in overweight/obesity prevalence and dietary factors.
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Comparison of control fasting plasma glucose of exercise-only versus exercise-diet among a pre-diabetic population: a meta-analysis.
Zheng, L, Wu, J, Wang, G, Persuitte, G, Ma, Y, Zou, L, Zhang, L, Zhao, M, Wang, J, Lan, Q, et al
European journal of clinical nutrition. 2016;(4):424-30
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Exercise is considered a protective factor in the prevention of type 2 diabetes, although its role as a sole treatment for pre-diabetes remains unknown. The present meta-analysis compared the effect of exercise-only with exercise-diet interventions on plasma glucose levels among a pre-diabetic population. SUBJECTS/METHODS A literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the quality of each trial. Two reviewers independently performed quality assessment of all included articles. A random effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect. RESULTS A total of 4021 participants from 12 studies were included in this meta-analysis, 2045 of them were in the intervention group and 1976 were in the control group. Compared with the exercise-only interventions, the exercise-diet interventions showed a significant effect on decreasing fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, with a weighted mean difference (WMD) =-0.22 mmol/l, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.25, -0.18 (Z=12.06, P<0.05). The subgroup effect of exercise-only interventions did not produce a statistically significant result (WMD=-0.09 mmol/l, 95% CI: -0.18, 0.00, Z=1.91, P>0.05). According to the intervention periods, the pooled effect in the ⩾2-year group was the highest, and its WMD (95% CI) was -0.24 mmol/l (-0.43,-0.05). The pooled effects were statistically significant among the elderly and those of American and European descent, with WMD (95% CI) being -0.19 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.22, -0.15), -0.17 mmol/l (-0.21,-0.12) and -0.22 mmol/l (-0.27, -0.17), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from published trials indicates that exercise-diet interventions showed a significant effect on decreasing FPG levels.
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Chromium effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in persons at risk for diabetes mellitus.
Ali, A, Ma, Y, Reynolds, J, Wise, JP, Inzucchi, SE, Katz, DL
Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2011;(1):16-25
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of daily chromium picolinate supplementation on serum measures of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in patients at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, modified cross-over clinical trial with 6-month sequences of intervention and placebo followed by a 6-month postintervention assessment. Adult patients with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or metabolic syndrome were enrolled. Participants received 6-month sequences of chromium picolinate or placebo at 1 of 2 dosages (500 or 1000 mcg daily). Primary outcome measures were change in fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour plasma glucose during oral glucose tolerance testing, fasting and 2-hour insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Secondary outcomes included anthropometric measures, blood pressure, endothelial function, hemoglobin A1c, lipids, and urinary microalbumin. RESULTS Fifty-nine participants were enrolled. No changes were seen in glucose level, insulin level, or HOMA-IR (all P>.05) after 6 months of chromium at either dosage level (500 mcg or 1000 mcg daily) when compared with placebo. None of the secondary outcomes improved with either chromium dosage compared with placebo (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS Chromium supplementation does not appear to ameliorate insulin resistance or impaired glucose metabolism in patients at risk for type 2 diabetes and thus is unlikely to attenuate diabetes risk.
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Inclusion of guar gum and alginate into a crispy bar improves postprandial glycemia in humans.
Williams, JA, Lai, CS, Corwin, H, Ma, Y, Maki, KC, Garleb, KA, Wolf, BW
The Journal of nutrition. 2004;(4):886-9
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Abstract
A novel induced viscosity fiber (IVF) crispy bar was formulated with the viscous dietary fibers alginate and guar gum. To evaluate the glycemic response and gastrointestinal tolerance to IVF crispy bars, nondiabetic healthy adult subjects (n = 48) were studied in a randomized, double-masked, crossover design. The control crispy bars and IVF crispy bars were identical except for the 2 dietary fibers contained in the experimental (IVF) bars. After an overnight fast, subjects consumed test bars containing 50 g carbohydrate. Their capillary blood glucose response was determined for 180 min postprandially. When subjects consumed IVF, the incremental blood glucose excursions were reduced (P < 0.05) at 15, 30, 45, and 120 min. At 180 min, the subjects' blood glucose concentration was maintained above the basal blood glucose concentration for both bars. Compared with controls, the incremental peak blood glucose concentration was reduced (P < 0.001) 30% when subjects consumed IVF. When subjects consumed IVF, the positive incremental area under the curve for glucose was reduced (P < 0.01) by 33% compared with controls. In the 24-h postprandial period after each treatment, the frequency and intensity of gastrointestinal tolerance symptoms did not differ. In conclusion, compared with a control crispy bar, the IVF crispy bar attenuated the postprandial glycemic excursion without gastrointestinal intolerance in healthy adult subjects.