1.
Test meals rich in marine long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase postprandial chylomicron response.
Griffo, E, Di Marino, L, Patti, L, Bozzetto, L, Annuzzi, G, Cipriano, P, Mangione, A, Della Pepa, G, Cocozza, S, Riccardi, G, et al
Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.). 2014;(8):661-6
Abstract
Postprandial lipid abnormalities are considered an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Hence, it is important to find nutritional strategies that are able to positively influence these abnormalities. Since the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and polyphenols on postprandial lipids in humans is still under debate, we evaluated the acute response of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to test meals that are naturally rich in polyphenols and/or marine long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFAs. We hypothesized that LC n-3 PUFA would have a different effect on chylomicron and very low density lipoproteins when compared with polyphenols or their combination. We randomly assigned 78 individuals who were at high cardiometabolic risk to 4 isoenergetic diets. These diets only differed in amount of LC n-3 PUFA and/or polyphenols. Prior to starting the intervention, each subject underwent a test meal similar to the type of diet assigned: low in LC n-3 PUFA and polyphenols (control), rich in LC n-3 PUFA and low in polyphenols, rich in polyphenols and low in LC n-3 PUFA, or rich in both. Blood samples were taken before and up to 6 hours after the test meal in order to evaluate cholesterol and triglycerides (plasma and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein), apolipoprotein B-48 (large very low density lipoprotein), glucagon-like peptide-1, and free fatty acid plasma levels. The levels of chylomicron cholesterol and triglyceride in response to the test meal rich in LC n-3 PUFA were significantly higher than after the control meal (P = .037 and P = .018); there was no difference in the other variables. In conclusion, this study indicates that acute administration of marine LC n-3 PUFA increases postprandial chylomicron response in contrast with their lowering chronic effects. These differences underline the importance of understanding the acute and chronic effects of nutritional, as well as of other types of, interventions.
2.
Effects of baked products enriched with n-3 fatty acids, folates, β-glucans, and tocopherol in patients with mild mixed hyperlipidemia.
De Natale, C, Minerva, V, Patti, L, Mazzarella, R, Ciano, O, Maione, S, Luongo, D, Naviglio, D, Marotta, G, Turco, S, et al
Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2012;(5):311-9
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether a diet containing foods enriched with β-glucans (3.6 g/d), folic acid (1600 μg/d), long-chain (800 mg/d) and short-chain (400 mg/d) n-3 fatty acids, and tocopherols (120 mg/d) is able to modulate positively the cardiovascular risk profile in people at slightly increased cardiovascular risk. METHODS Sixteen subjects with mild plasma lipid abnormalities were studied according to a randomized crossover design. After a 2-week run-in period, they followed a diet containing baked products enriched with active nutrients (active diet) or a diet containing the same products but without active nutrients (control diet) for 1 month and then crossed over to the other diet. At the end of each period, a test meal of the same composition as the corresponding diet was administered, and plasma samples were obtained before and for 6 hours after the meal. Hunger and satiety were evaluated by the visual analog scale at fasting and after the meal. RESULTS Fasting plasma triglycerides were significantly lower after the active versus the control diet (1.56 ± 0.18 vs 1.74 ± 0.16 mmol/l, p < 0.05), as was the postprandial level of chylomicron triglycerides and the insulin peak (p < 0.05). The active diet also reduced fasting homocysteine (8 ± 0.6 vs 10 ± 0.8 μmol/l, p < 0.05) and the feeling of hunger at the fifth and sixth hour (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Baked functional products enriched with n-3 fatty acids, folates, β-glucans, and tocopherols within the context of a balanced diet lower fasting and postprandial plasma triglycerides, fasting homocysteinemia, and the postprandial insulin peak. They induce a greater feeling of satiety with possible beneficial implications on energy intake.
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Lipoprotein subfractions and dietary intake of n-3 fatty acid: the Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Alaska Natives study.
Annuzzi, G, Rivellese, AA, Wang, H, Patti, L, Vaccaro, O, Riccardi, G, Ebbesson, SO, Comuzzie, AG, Umans, JG, Howard, BV
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2012;(6):1315-22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have compared lipoprotein composition with dietary intake. OBJECTIVE The lipoprotein subfraction profile was evaluated in relation to diet in Alaska Eskimos at high cardiovascular risk but with a low frequency of hyperlipidemia and high intake of n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids. DESIGN A population-based sample (n = 1214) from the Norton Sound Region of Alaska underwent a physical examination and blood sampling. Analyses were from 977 individuals who did not have diabetes or use lipid-lowering medications and had complete dietary information (food-frequency questionnaire) and a lipoprotein subfraction profile (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy). RESULTS After adjustment for age, BMI, total energy intake, and percentage of energy from fat, the intake of n-3 fatty acids was significantly associated with fewer large VLDLs (P = 0.022 in women, P = 0.064 in men), a smaller VLDL size (P = 0.018 and P = 0.036), more large HDLs (P = 0.179 and P = 0.021), and a larger HDL size (P = 0.004 and P = 0.001). After adjustment for carbohydrate and sugar intakes, large VLDLs (P = 0.042 and 0.018) and VLDL size (P = 0.011 and 0.025) remained negatively associated with n-3 fatty acid intake in women and men, and large HDLs (P = 0.067 and 0.005) and HDL size (P = 0.001 in both) remained positively associated with n-3 fatty acid intake in women and men. In addition, large LDLs (P = 0.040 and P = 0.025) were positively associated in both sexes, and LDL size (P = 0.006) showed a positive association in women. There were no significant relations with total LDL particles in either model. CONCLUSIONS Dietary n-3 fatty acids, independent of the reciprocal changes in carbohydrate and sugar intakes, are associated with an overall favorable lipoprotein profile in terms of cardiovascular risk. Because there are no relations with total LDL particles, the benefit may be related to cardiovascular processes other than atherosclerosis.