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Weight losses with low-energy formula diets in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Leslie, WS, Taylor, R, Harris, L, Lean, ME
International journal of obesity (2005). 2017;(1):96-101
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Abstract
AIM: To provide a systematic review, of published data, to compare weight losses following very low calorie (<800 kcal per day VLCD) or low-energy liquid-formula (>800 kcal per day LELD) diets, in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Systematic electronic searches of Medline (1946-2015) and Embase (1947-2015) to identify published studies using formula total diet replacement diets (VLCD/LELD). Random effects meta-analysis using weighted mean difference (WMD) in body weight between groups (with and without diabetes) as the summary estimate. RESULTS Final weight loss, in the five included studies, weighted for study sizes, (n=569, mean BMI=35.5-42.6 kg/m2), was not significantly different between participants with and without T2DM: -1.2 kg; 95% CI: -4.1 to 1.6 kg). Rates of weight loss were also similar in the two groups -0.6 kg per week (T2DM) and 0.5 kg per week (no diabetes), and for VLCD (<800 kcal per day) and LELD (>800 kcal per day). CONCLUSIONS Weight losses with liquid-formula diets are very similar for VLCD and LELD and for obese subjects with or without T2DM. They can potentially achieve new weight loss/ maintenance targets of >15-20% for people with severe and medically complicated obesity.
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Glycemic response and health--a systematic review and meta-analysis: the database, study characteristics, and macronutrient intakes.
Livesey, G, Taylor, R, Hulshof, T, Howlett, J
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008;(1):223S-236S
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduction of dietary glycemic response has been proposed as a means of reducing the risk of diabetes and coronary heart disease. Its role in health maintenance and management, alongside unavailable carbohydrate (eg, fiber), is incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the evidence relating the glycemic impact of foods to a role in health maintenance and management of disease. DESIGN We searched the literature for relevant controlled dietary intervention trials on glycemic index (GI) according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted the data to a database, and synthesized the evidence via meta-analyses and meta-regression models. RESULTS Among literature to January 2005, 45 relevant publications were identified involving 972 subjects with good health or metabolic disease. With small reductions in GI (<10 units), increases in available carbohydrate, energy, and protein intakes were found in all studies combined. Falling trends in energy, available carbohydrate, and protein intakes then occurred with progressive reductions in GI. Fat intake was essentially unchanged. Unavailable carbohydrate intake was generally higher for intervention diets but showed no trend with GI (falling or rising). Among studies reporting on GI, variation in glycemic load was approximately equally explained by variation in GI and variation in available carbohydrate intake. An exchange of available and unavailable carbohydrate (approximately 1 g/g) was evident in these studies. CONCLUSIONS Among GI studies, observed reductions in glycemic load are most often not solely due to substitution of high for low glycemic carbohydrate foods. Available carbohydrate intake is a confounding factor. The role of unavailable carbohydrate remains to be accounted for.