1.
Elevated serum TC and LDL-C levels in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis study.
Liu, Y, Zhong, X, Shen, J, Jiao, L, Tong, J, Zhao, W, Du, K, Gong, S, Liu, M, Wei, M
Brain research. 2020;:146554
Abstract
Serum lipid levels such as triglyceride and cholesterol has been reported to play an important role in the pathophysiological process of Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, it still remains controversial in different studies. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the importance of serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in AD and MCI patients. PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) system database were used to identify 17 studies (10 AD-only + 4 MCI-only + 3 shared AD/MCI), including 2333 cases and 3615 healthy controls (HC). We found that compared with HC, both the serum TC levels [SMD = 0.58; 95%CI (0.25, 0.90); P = 0.001) and the serum LDL-C levels [SMD = 0.7780; 95%CI (0.3940, 1.1521); P = 0.000] were higher in cognitive impairment population (including AD and MCI) than those in HC, respectively. Furthermore, we analyzed the serum TC and LDL-C levels in AD and MCI patients. We found that the serum TC levels [SMD = 0.76; 95% CI (0.13, 1.40); P = 0.019]1 and the LDL-C levels [SMD = 1.40; 95% CI (0.70, 2.10; P = 0.000] were increased in AD patients. In the MCI patients, the serum TC levels [SMD = 0.30; 95%CI (0.01, 0.59); P = 0.041] had a significantly upward trend, while the LDL-C levels had no significant change, compared with HC subjects. However, there is no significant changes in HDL-C and TG levels in AD or MCI patients. Therefore, our results suggested that the elevated TC and LDL-C levels may be a potential risk factor for cognitive impairment.
2.
Effects of pomegranate peel polyphenols on lipid accumulation and cholesterol metabolic transformation in L-02 human hepatic cells via the PPARγ-ABCA1/CYP7A1 pathway.
Lv, O, Wang, L, Li, J, Ma, Q, Zhao, W
Food & function. 2016;(12):4976-4983
Abstract
To study the effect of pomegranate peel polyphenols on lipid accumulation and cholesterol metabolic transformation in human hepatic cells, purified pomegranate peel polyphenols (PPPs), their main component, punicalagin (PC), and the metabolite of PC, pomegranate ellagic acid (PEA), were chosen as the polyphenols to be tested. At the same time the human hepatocyte cell line L-02 was selected as the experimental cell and a model of steatotic L-02 hepatocytes in vitro was constructed in this paper. The results showed that PPPs, PC and PEA in different concentrations could decrease the total cholesterol (TC) content and increase the total bile acid (TBA) content, and so possess a lipid-lowering effect. The order of the lipid-lowering effect from strong to weak is PEA > PPPs > PC. The relative mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) was up-regulated by PPPs, PC and PEA in a dose-dependent manner. The effect on the relative mRNA expression can be listed in descending order as: PEA > PPPs > PC. Similar results were found in a western blot analysis. The PPARγ protein, ABCA1 protein and CYP7A1 protein were up-regulated in L-02 cells treated with the three tested polyphenols. All the results indicated that PPPs, PC and PEA could regulate upstream the expression of PPARγ, ABCA1 and CYP7A1, both at transcript and protein levels, to activate the PPARγ-ABCA1/CYP7A1 cell signaling pathway and enhance cholesterol metabolism in L-02 cells. Therefore, PPPs, as a kind of natural material, may be paid more attention in the prevention and treatment of diseases related to excessive cholesterol accumulation.