1.
Time course of endothelial adaptation after acute and chronic exercise in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Tjønna, AE, Rognmo, Ø, Bye, A, Stølen, TO, Wisløff, U
Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2011;(9):2552-8
Abstract
Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors may lead to endothelial dysfunction. Physical exercise is an important factor in prevention and treatment of endothelial dysfunction. We wanted to determine the time course of adaptation to a single bout of exercise at either high or moderate intensity upon endothelial function both before and after a 16-week fitness program in patients with metabolic syndrome. Twenty-eight patients with metabolic syndrome participated in the study and were randomized and stratified (according to age and sex) into an aerobic interval exercise training group (AIT, n = 11), a continuously moderate-intensity exercise training group (CME, n = 8) or to a control group (n = 9). Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was determined at baseline, immediately, 24, 48, and 72 hours after 1 bout of exercise and repeated after 16 weeks of exercise. In the untrained state, FMD improved from 5 to 11% (p = 0.003) immediately after a single bout of aerobic interval training (AIT), an effect lasting 72 hours postexercise. In comparison, continuous moderate exercise (CME) improved FMD immediately after a single bout of exercise from 5 to 8% (p = 0.02), an effect lasting 24 hours postexercise (group difference, p < 0.001). In the trained state, a single bout of AIT resulted in a 2% (p = 0.007) acute increase of FMD lasting 48 hours postexercise. The CME increased FMD by 3% (p < 0.01), an effect lasting 24 hours postexercise (group difference p = 0.0012). Blood glucose level decreased after 1 single bout of AIT in the untrained state (p < 0.05), and the effect lasted at least 72 hours postexercise (p < 0.01). Acute CME decreased blood glucose with normalization of the values 24 hours postexercise (p < 0.01). A single bout of exercise in the trained state reduced fasting blood glucose by 10% (p < 0.05) after both AIT and CME. Exercise training, especially high intensity, thus appears to be highly beneficial in reducing blood glucose and improving endothelial function.
2.
Dose Response to Exercise in Women aged 45-75 yr (DREW): design and rationale.
Morss, GM, Jordan, AN, Skinner, JS, Dunn, AL, Church, TS, Earnest, CP, Kampert, JB, Jurca, R, Blair, SN
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2004;(2):336-44
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE Physical inactivity in postmenopausal women contributes to a rise in atherogenic risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Although regular physical activity positively contributes to health, inactivity progressively increases with age. The Dose Response to Exercise in Women aged 45-75 yr (DREW) study is designed to investigate the effect of different amounts of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women at moderately increased risk of CVD. METHODS DREW will recruit 450 sedentary, healthy, postmenopausal women with a body mass index of 25-40 kg.m-2, resting systolic blood pressure (BP) of 120-159 mm Hg, and a resting diastolic BP of < or = 99 mm Hg. Laboratory and self-report measures completed at baseline and 6 months include maximal oxygen consumption (.VO2max), resting BP, anthropometry, dietary habits, physical activity history, medication use, menstrual history, personal and family medical history, and fasting HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose. Eligible participants are randomly assigned to a nonexercise group or one of three exercise groups. Participants exercise 3 to 4x wk-1 at a heart rate equivalent to 50% of .VO2max expending 4, 8, or 12 kcal.kg-1.wk-1, depending on group assignment. This study will allow quantification of possible dose-response relations (50%, 100%, and 150% of the consensus physical activity recommendation) between exercise training and study outcomes. CONCLUSION DREW can make important contributions to our understanding of the effects of physical activity in postmenopausal women and help refine public health and clinical recommendations for this group.
3.
Intrauterine growth, the vascular system, and the metabolic syndrome.
Holt, RI, Byrne, CD
Seminars in vascular medicine. 2002;(1):33-43
Abstract
There is substantial evidence linking birth size with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and its major biological risk factors in adulthood. The fetal origins hypothesis proposes that these diseases originate through adaptations, which the fetus makes when it is undernourished. These adaptations may be cardiovascular, metabolic, or endocrine. They permanently change the structure and function of the body. Prevention of the diseases may depend on prevention of imbalances in fetal growth or imbalances between prenatal and postnatal growth, or imbalances in nutrient supply to the fetus. The purpose of this article is to examine some of the more recent epidemiological associations between low birth weight and adult atherosclerotic vascular disease and its risk factors. We will also discuss mechanisms that might explain these associations.
4.
[Mechanisms of extreme states in human].
Novikov, VS
Aviakosmicheskaia i ekologicheskaia meditsina = Aerospace and environmental medicine. 2000;(1):5-14
Abstract
Pathogenesis of extreme states during hypoxic hypoxia, exogenic and combined hyperthermia, aerial and immersion hypothermia is mainly associated with deterioration of reactivity and decline of functional reserves of the neuroendocrinal system, energetic dysbalance against more pronounced signs of anaerobic catabolism and recruitment of plastic resources of the body, activation of peroxide oxidation of lipids (POL), depletion of AOS potential with labilization of cellular membranes, and progressing changes in structural and functional relations within the antigenous/structural homeostasis. The determinacy of extreme state is influenced by initial status of the body functioning. The bodily extreme state has been found to depend on severity of asthenisation, peculiarities of the autonomous regulation, metabolic and immune status. Partial or full reversibility of decompensation disorders distinguishes extreme state from the critical (predeterminal) one. The relative adequacy of compensation and the principal possibility of a beneficial result are the necessary conditions for extreme state verification. Otherwise, in the lack of time for effective compensation typical syndromes of critical states may develop already during acute adaptation. There can develop partial insufficiency of a dominating functional system which will be compensated at the sacrifice of other organs and tissues. Sometimes extreme state may result in development of marginal or pathological states with human living activities preserved.