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The effects of crocin on the symptoms of depression in subjects with metabolic syndrome.
Jam, IN, Sahebkar, AH, Eslami, S, Mokhber, N, Nosrati, M, Khademi, M, Foroutan-Tanha, M, Ghayour-Mobarhan, M, Hadizadeh, F, Ferns, G, et al
Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University. 2017;(6):925-930
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have suggested that metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased depressive symptoms, and reducing depression in subjects with MetS is important. Crocin, an active component of saffron, has useful properties for subjects with MetS, including antidepressant properties. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a preparation of crocin on the symptoms of depression in subjects with MetS, and the relationship between changes in those symptoms and the serum pro-oxidant/anti-oxidant balance (PAB). MATERIAL AND METHODS This sub-study was carried out on 34 subjects with MetS from the authors' previous randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial (RCT), all of whom met the inclusion criteria for this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to treatment and placebo groups (n = 17 in each group) and received each 30 mg of crocin (2 tablets of 15 mg) or placebo for 8 weeks. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The BDI questionnaire was completed for each subject at the baseline and at the end of the 8th week of treatment. Blood samples were taken from the subjects before and after the intervention period. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS for Windows, v. 16 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). RESULTS Out of the 34 participants enrolled, 33 completed the trial. The degree of depression decreased significantly in the crocin group (p = 0.005), but not in the placebo group (p > 0.05), and the difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (p = 0.013). No significant relationship was observed between changes in depression symptoms and changes in the serum PAB (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that at a dose of 30 mg per day for 8 weeks, crocin reduced the symptoms of depression in subjects with MetS compared to the control group, and this effect was independent of its effect on the serum PAB.
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Metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein in patients with depressive disorder on antidepressive medication.
Stanojević, A, Popović, I, Nenadović, M, Ravanić, D, Paunović-Milosavljević, G
Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo. 2013;(7-8):511-5
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recurrent depression is a psychiatric disorder of which etiology and pathogenesis might be related to immune response. Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its components are also strongly associated with elevated inflammatory indicators, as so as the body mass index (BMI) and total cholesterol levels. OBJECTIVE Objective of this study was to investigate if there was any difference in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with recurrent depressive disorder, treated with antidepressants, compared to a healthy control group of subjects and if there was an association between increased CRP levels and the presence of MetS in these two groups. METHODS Sixty subjects entered the study; of these 35 patients with the diagnosis of recurrent depressive disorder, while the healthy control group included 25 subjects. MetS was defined according to the NCEP ATP III criteria. The cut-off point for CRP was set at > 5 mg/L. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of MetS and CRP values between the studied groups. Waist circumference and total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the experimental group. Patients that fulfilled the criteria for MetS showed significantly higher values of central obesity and arterial hypertension in the experimental group as well. The elevated CRP levels were associated with increased frequency of MetS in depressed patients. CONCLUSION Both CRP levels and metabolic risk profile screening, according to the international criteria, may be beneficial in order to obtain better assessment for depressive long-term medicated patients.
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The effect of a 4-week treatment with reboxetine on metabolic parameters of depressed inpatients.
Paslakis, G, Gilles, M, Lederbogen, F, Schilling, C, Scharnholz, B, Deuschle, M
European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. 2011;(3):173-7
Abstract
In the present study, we examined several metabolic parameters in a group of 19 acutely depressed inpatients with major depression (DSM-IV) at baseline and investigated their development after 4 weeks of antidepressant treatment with reboxetine (8-12 mg per day). We performed oral glucose tolerance tests and additionally assessed free saliva cortisol and post-dexamethasone cortisol levels, as well as whole cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, waist and hip circumference, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Furthermore, we evaluated the incidence of a metabolic syndrome and investigated the metabolic changes in depressed patients with and without a metabolic syndrome. We found 42.1% of patients to fulfil the criteria for a metabolic syndrome. Overall, reboxetine was well tolerated with essentially no side effects during the observation period. A 4-week treatment with reboxetine showed a beneficial effect on several metabolic parameters that was independent from treatment outcome and could therefore theoretically be attributed to the pharmacological profile of the drug. Due to the preliminary character of the present investigation, no conclusions about the clinical efficacy of reboxetine can be drawn.
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Patients taking medications for bipolar disorder are more prone to metabolic syndrome than Korea's general population.
Lee, NY, Kim, SH, Cho, B, Lee, YJ, Chang, JS, Kang, UG, Kim, YS, Ahn, YM
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry. 2010;(7):1243-9
Abstract
Despite growing concerns about the co-morbidity of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and bipolar disorder, few studies have been conducted on this topic in Asian populations. This study examined Korean patients with bipolar disorder to assess its co-morbidity with MetS and to compare the prevalence of MetS in patients with medication for bipolar disorder with that of healthy patients. We used cross-sectional data from the medical records of patients with bipolar disorder who presented to the psychiatric clinic in Seoul National University Hospital between June 2007 and June 2008. The control group, matched for age and gender, was randomly drawn from visitors to the Health Promotion Center at the same hospital during the same period. We compared the prevalence of MetS between these two groups with independent sample t-tests and chi-squared tests. We also calculated the indirectly standardized prevalence ratio (ISPR) with a standardization that used the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES, 2007). The prevalence of MetS in patients who took medication for bipolar disorder (N=152) was 27.0%, 25.0% and 25.7%, based on the definitions of the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's adaptation of the Adult Treatment Panel III (AHA), the National Cholesterol Education Program for Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), respectively. The present study determined that the prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in patients with bipolar disorder than in the control group; the odds ratios (OR) (95% CI) were 2.44 (1.35-4.40), 2.48 (1.34-4.59) and 2.57 (1.40-4.74), based on the definition of the AHA, ATPIII and IDF, respectively. The ISPR (95% CI) was 1.48 (1.02-1.93), 1.54 (1.05-2.03) and 1.98 (1.36-2.60), respectively. Patients with medications for bipolar disorder showed a significantly higher prevalence of increased waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, and reduced HDL-cholesterol than the control group. The prevalence of MetS in patients taking medication for bipolar disorder was higher than that in the general population. Obesity and dyslipidemia were particularly prevalent in patients with bipolar disorder.