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The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome in Apparently Healthy Men.
Al-Barha, NS, Aljaloud, KS
American journal of men's health. 2019;(1):1557988318816925
Abstract
There are few studies investigating the role of Ramadan fasting on body composition and the characteristics of metabolic syndrome, especially in hot environments. The main aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Ramadan fasting on body composition and the characteristics of metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy men. In a randomized design, 44 college students aged 27.6 ± 5.8 years were selected to participate in the present study. Lifestyle was assessed by a developed questionnaire, body composition was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer, and blood parameters were evaluated by taking a vein blood sample (10 ml) after fasting 10 hr. All measurements were taken 2-3 days before the month of Ramadan, at the end of Week 2 and end of Week 3, and 6 weeks later. The results identified no significant changes in any of the body composition parameters before, during, or after the month of Ramadan. The only significant change in blood parameters was recorded as a positive reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) during the month of Ramadan, compared to before and after Ramadan. No major changes in metabolic syndrome factors were seen except in fasting blood glucose and systolic blood pressure as both factors were slightly but significantly elevated during the month of Ramadan and even after Ramadan, though both of them were within normal levels. This study concludes that Ramadan fasting could be one of the factors that reduce LDL. More studies are needed to clarify the role of Ramadan fasting on different populations such as obese and diabetic patients.
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Erythrocyte linoleic acid, but not oleic acid, is associated with improvements in body composition in men and women.
Belury, MA, Cole, RM, Bailey, BE, Ke, JY, Andridge, RR, Kiecolt-Glaser, JK
Molecular nutrition & food research. 2016;(5):1206-12
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Abstract
SCOPE Supplementation with linoleic acid (LA; 18:2Ω6)-rich oils increases lean mass and decreases trunk adipose mass in people. Erythrocyte fatty acids reflect the dietary pattern of fatty acid intake and endogenous metabolism of fatty acids. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of erythrocyte LA, with aspects of body composition, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Additionally, we tested for relationships of oleic acid (OA) and the sum of long chain omega-three fatty acids (LC-Ω3-SUM), on the same outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS Men and women (N = 139) were evaluated for body composition, insulin resistance, and serum inflammatory markers, IL-6, and c-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte fatty acid composition after an overnight fast. LA was positively related to appendicular lean mass/body mass index and inversely related to trunk adipose mass. Additionally, LA was inversely related to insulin resistance and IL-6. While there was an inverse relationship between OA or LC-Ω3-SUM with markers of inflammation, there were no relationships between OA or LC-Ω3-SUM with body composition or HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION Higher erythrocyte LA was associated with improved body composition, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Erythrocyte OA or LC-Ω3-SUM was unrelated to body composition and insulin resistance. There is much controversy about whether all unsaturated fats have the same benefits for metabolic syndrome and weight gain. We sought to test the strength of the relationships between three unsaturated fatty acid in erythrocytes with measurements of body composition, metabolism, and inflammation in healthy adults. Linoleic acid, but not oleic acid or the sum of long-chain omega 3 fatty acids (w3), was associated with increased appendicular lean mass and decreased trunk adipose mass and insulin resistance.
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[Effect of two hypocaloric diets and their combination with physical exercise on basal metabolic rate and body composition].
Bonfanti, N, Fernández, JM, Gomez-Delgado, F, Pérez-Jiménez, F
Nutricion hospitalaria. 2014;(3):635-43
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is diagnosed by the detection of at least three criteria (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, hypertension, obesity and altered fasting glucose). Visceral fat excess would be the starting point for its development. Scientific evidence supports hypocaloric diets -mediterranean or low fat diet and rich in complex carbohydrates diet included- as the best treatment to reduce fat mass (FM), maximizing its impact by combining them with physical exercise (PE). However, the effects of these treatments on basal metabolic rate (BMR) of patients with MetS, are unknown. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of the hypocaloric diet - mediterranean or low fat diet- with or without PE on the BMR and body composition (BC) of adults with MetS. METHODS 36 volunteers, MetS, both sexes, > 50 years, meeting the inclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned to a group of intervention (3 months) of hypocaloric diet: mediterranean diet (MED), low fat and rich in complex carbohydrates diet (CHO) and both combined with PE (MEDE and CHOE respectively). Anthropometric data was taken (weight, muscle mass (MM) and FM) and BMR was determined by indirect calorimetry, before and after intervention. RESULTS The addition of PE to both hypocaloric treatments produced greater FM loss and weight loss than dieting alone, being this loss in CHOE > MEDE (p < 0.05). These groups decreased the BMR after treatment being MEDE > CHOE (p < 0.05). Mediterranean diet with or without PE lost MM (p < 0.05) being MEDE > MED CONCLUSIONS CHOE induces less reduction of BMR while supporting a better profile of BC than MEDE.
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Reducing effect of calcium in combination with magnesium and lactulose on body fat mass in middle-aged Japanese women.
Seki, N, Asano, Y, Ochi, H, Abe, F, Uenishi, K, Kudou, H
Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 2013;(4):557-64
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that adequate calcium intake decreases body fat and appropriate intakes of magnesium suppress the development of the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, lactulose increases the absorption of calcium and magnesium. An optimal combination of calcium, magnesium and lactulose may therefore reduce body fat mass. METHODS An open-label randomized controlled trial was conducted to investigate the body fat-reducing effects of a test food containing 300 mg calcium, 150 mg magnesium, and 4.0 g lactulose. Body composition parameters and blood hormone and urine mineral concentrations were measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 months thereafter. Whole-body fat mass was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Seventy-six middle-aged Japanese women (47.5±4.7 years) were randomized to the intake group (n=48) or the non-intake control group (n=28). At 12 months the difference in body fat mass change between the two groups (intake group - control group) was -0.8 kg (95% CI: -1.5 - 0.0 kg, p=0.046), although there were no differences in anthropometric data between the two groups. Body fat percentage at 12 months tended to be lower in the intake group, but the difference was not significant (p=0.09). CONCLUSIONS These findings may suggest that calcium in combination with magnesium and lactulose can reduce body fat mass in middle-aged Japanese women. However, the contribution of magnesium and lactulose are unclear in this study. Further studies are needed to clarify these contributions.
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Whey protein supplementation does not affect exercise training-induced changes in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight and obese adults.
Weinheimer, EM, Conley, TB, Kobza, VM, Sands, LP, Lim, E, Janle, EM, Campbell, WW
The Journal of nutrition. 2012;(8):1532-9
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Little is known about the effects of different quantities of whey protein on exercise training-induced changes in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight and obese adults. Therefore, we examined the effects of consuming 0.8-MJ supplements with 0 (n = 126), 10 (n = 112), 20 (n = 44), or 30 (n = 45) g whey protein twice daily in conjunction with resistance (2 d/wk) and aerobic (1 d/wk) exercise training in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, community-based 9-mo study in men (n = 117) and women (n = 210); (age: 48 ± 7.9 y; BMI: 30.0 ± 2.8 kg/m(2)). Whey protein supplementation did not influence any of the following outcomes, some of which were affected by training. Among all participants, strength increased by 15 ± 12% (P < 0.001) and maximal oxygen uptake capacity (VO(2)max) increased by 9 ± 15% (P < 0.001). Body weight was unchanged (0.1 ± 3.7 kg, P = 0.80), lean body mass increased by 1.9 ± 2.8% (0.95 ± 1.3 kg, P < 0.001), and fat mass decreased by 2.6 ± 9.4% (-0.86 ± 3.1 kg, P = 0.001). Oral-glucose-tolerance testing showed that plasma glucose AUC was unchanged (-18.0 ± 170 mmol/L· 3 h, P = 0.16), insulin AUC decreased by 2.6 ± 32% (-7.5 ± 29 nmol/L· 3 h, P = 0.01), and HOMA-IR (0.2 ± 2.0, P = 0.81) and the insulin sensitivity index (0.3 ± 3.0, P = 0.63) were unchanged. Plasma concentrations of TG; total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol; C-reactive protein; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; blood pressure; and waist circumference were unchanged. Whey protein supplementation did not affect exercise training-induced responses in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight and obese adults who maintained body weight.
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Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition.
Irving, BA, Davis, CK, Brock, DW, Weltman, JY, Swift, D, Barrett, EJ, Gaesser, GA, Weltman, A
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2008;(11):1863-72
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UNLABELLED The metabolic syndrome is a complex clustering of metabolic defects associated with physical inactivity, abdominal adiposity, and aging. PURPOSE To examine the effects of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat (AVF) and body composition in obese women with the metabolic syndrome. METHODS Twenty-seven middle-aged obese women (mean +/- SD; age = 51 +/- 9 yr and body mass index = 34 +/- 6 kg x m(-2)) with the metabolic syndrome completed one of three 16-wk aerobic exercise interventions: (i) no-exercise training (Control): seven participants maintained their existing levels of physical activity; (ii) low-intensity exercise training (LIET): 11 participants exercised 5 d x wk(-1) at an intensity < or = lactate threshold (LT); and (iii) high-intensity exercise training (HIET): nine participants exercised 3 d x wk(-1) at an intensity > LT and 2 d x wk(-1) < or = LT. Exercise time was adjusted to maintain caloric expenditure (400 kcal per session). Single-slice computed tomography scans obtained at the L4-L5 disc space and midthigh were used to determine abdominal fat and thigh muscle cross-sectional areas. Percent body fat was assessed by air displacement plethysmography. RESULTS HIET significantly reduced total abdominal fat (P < 0.001), abdominal subcutaneous fat (P = 0.034), and AVF (P = 0.010). There were no significant changes observed in any of these parameters within the Control or the LIET conditions. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicate that body composition changes are affected by the intensity of exercise training with HIET more effectively for reducing total abdominal fat, subcutaneous abdominal fat, and AVF in obese women with the metabolic syndrome.