-
1.
No adverse effects of dairy products on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.
Derakhshandeh-Rishehri, SM, Ghobadi, S, Akhlaghi, M, Faghih, S
Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2021;(6):102279
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The current study aimed to review the effects of dairy foods on lipid profile in randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). METHODS We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Central. RCTs that assess the effects of dairy foods on lipid profile were included. RESULTS The overall effects of dairy foods on lipid profile were non-significant. Dairy foods were associated with a non-significant reduction in triacylglycerol level, and a non-significant increase in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. CONCLUSION We conclude that dairy foods doesn't have any unfavorable effects on lipids.
-
2.
Lipid Management and 2-Year Clinical Outcomes in Japanese Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: EXPLORE-J.
Nakamura, M, Ako, J, Arai, H, Hirayama, A, Nohara, A, Murakami, Y, Ozaki, A, Harada-Shiba, M
Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. 2021;(12):1307-1322
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
AIM: The prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease has risen in Japan due to increasing metabolic risk factors, including dyslipidemia. A positive linear correlation between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, incidence of CV events, and preventive effects of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) is well established; however, data in Japan are limited. This analysis evaluated current lipid management practices and risk of recurrent CV events in Japanese post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. METHODS EXPLORE-J is a multicenter, 2-year observational study of hospitalized ACS patients in Japan. RESULTS At 2-year follow-up (n=1944, mean age 66 years, 80.3% male), the cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; death associated with myocardial infarction/cerebrovascular accident [CVA] and other CV death, non-fatal ACS, and non-fatal CVA requiring hospitalization during the observation period) was 6.2%; respective incidences of CV death, non-fatal ACS, and CVA were 0.7%, 4.5%, and 1.7%. Statin, intensive statin, and ezetimibe were prescribed for 93.6%, 8.2%, and 3.9% at visit (V)1 (Day[D]1+14), and 92.3%, 10.5%, and 11.6% of patients at V5 (D730±30 days), respectively. Mean LDL-C was reduced from first post-ACS measurement (121.3 mg/dL) to V5 (79.8 mg/dL). A limited number of patients achieved LDL-C <70 mg/dL from V1-V5 (14.4%-34.6%); those with a greater LDL-C reduction by V1 had a lower probability of MACE, indicating the benefits of early LDL-C reduction post ACS. CONCLUSIONS Guideline-recommended LDL-C target achievement post ACS in Japan is suboptimal, suggesting the need for LLT intensification. Additional analyses by risk stratification of the study population and the benefits of lipid management are planned.
-
3.
Optimum lipid testing for diabetic patients to enhance clinical care.
Devaraj, S, Jialal, I
Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2021;(1):461-464
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dyslipidemia is a common problem in diabetic patients that predisposes to premature ASCVD. Dyslipidemia in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is very common and is characterized by hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) with decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. METHODS Recommendations for lipid testing in diabetics from the Canadian, European and American guidelines will be discussed in this mini-review. RESULTS It is crucial to obtain appropriate lipid testing in patients with TG > 2.3 mmol/L and or LDL-C< 1.8 mmol/L. We also discuss the utility of the different measures of calculated LDL-C and their pitfalls. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we propose obtaining a non-HDL-C (preferred) or direct -LDL-C or apo B level to manage diabetic patients with dyslipidemia and optimize care. Also in some patients with a strong FH of premature ASCVD and have few or no risk factors, Lp (a) can be assayed to optimize statin therapy.
-
4.
Anti-inflammatory effects of diet and caloric restriction in metabolic syndrome.
Montefusco, L, D'Addio, F, Loretelli, C, Ben Nasr, M, Garziano, M, Rossi, A, Pastore, I, Plebani, L, Lunati, ME, Bolla, AM, et al
Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2021;(11):2407-2415
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss in patients with metabolic syndrome has positive effects on cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risks, but its effects on peripheral cytokines and lipid profiles in patients are still unclear. AIM: To determine the effects of diet-induced weight loss on metabolic parameters, lipids and cytokine profiles. METHODS Eighteen adult males with metabolic syndrome (defined according to IDF 2009) and Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25 and 35 kg/m2 were subjected to a balanced hypocaloric diet for 6 months to reach at least a 5% body weight loss. RESULTS After weight loss, a significant improvement in BMI, waist circumference, insulin, fasting blood glucose and HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) was observed. The analysis of LDL (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) lipoproteins showed a change in their composition with a massive transfer of triacylglycerols from HDL to LDL. This was associated with a significant reduction in peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8 and MIP-1β, leading to an overall decreased inflammatory score. An interesting positive correlation was also observed among peripheral cytokines levels after diet and peripheral levels of CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein), an enzyme with a key role in lipid change. CONCLUSION Weight loss through caloric restriction is associated with an improvement in peripheral lipid and cytokine profiles that may play a major role in improving cardiovascular risk.
-
5.
Maternal plasma cholesterol concentration and preterm birth: a meta-analysis and systematic review of literature.
Welge, JA, Warshak, CR, Woollett, LA
The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians. 2020;(13):2291-2299
Abstract
Background: Women that previously had preterm labor are at an increased risk for heart disease. Because spontaneous preterm birth is an adverse pregnancy outcome that affects millions of children worldwide, our objective was to review and analyze studies that have examined associations between maternal total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, and HDL-C concentrations during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth to potentially define biomarkers or targets for treatment.Method: A search was performed and 22 articles were found that examined the association of maternal plasma cholesterol concentrations and preterm birth. A meta-analysis was performed on 10 of the articles, those that used maternal lipid concentrations as the outcome and presented results as means plus variables, and a qualitative review was performed on all 22 articles.Results: The meta-analysis showed no relationship between maternal TC, LDL-C, or HDL-C and increased risk of preterm birth, although, a near significant relationship between low maternal HDL-C concentration and preterm birth (p = .055). Importantly, associations increased when cholesterol concentrations were combined with inflammatory markers or metabolic syndrome factors.Conclusions: The relationship between maternal cholesterol levels and preterm birth is heterogeneous. Associations are strengthened when maternal cholesterol concentrations are combined with other factors that may be related to more recently defined lipoprotein functions.
-
6.
Apolipoprotein B discordance with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in relation to coronary artery calcification in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).
Cao, J, Nomura, SO, Steffen, BT, Guan, W, Remaley, AT, Karger, AB, Ouyang, P, Michos, ED, Tsai, MY
Journal of clinical lipidology. 2020;(1):109-121.e5
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discordant levels of apolipoprotein B (apo B) relative to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) may be associated with subclinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). OBJECTIVE The present study investigated whether discordance between apo B and LDL-C or non-HDL-C levels was associated with subclinical ASCVD measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC). METHODS This study was conducted in a subpopulation of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort, aged 45 to 84 years, free of ASCVD, and not taking lipid-lowering medications at the baseline (2000-2002) (prevalence analytic N = 4623; incidence analytic N = 2216; progression analytic N = 3947). Apo B discordance relative to LDL-C and non-HDL-C was defined using residuals and percentile rankings (>5/10/15 percentile). Associations with prevalent and incident CAC (CAC > 0 vs CAC = 0) were assessed using prevalence ratio/relative risk regression and CAC progression (absolute increase/year) using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Higher apo B levels were associated with CAC prevalence, incidence, and progression. Apo B discordance relative to LDL-C or non-HDL-C was inconsistently associated with CAC prevalence and progression. Discordantly high apo B relative to LDL-C and non-HDL-C was associated with CAC progression. Associations for apo B discordance with non-HDL-C remained after further adjustment for metabolic syndrome components. CONCLUSION Apo B was associated with CAC among adults aged ≥45 years not taking statins, but provided only modest additional predictive value of apo B for CAC prevalence, incidence, or progression beyond LDL-C or non-HDL-C. Apo B discordance may still be important for ASCVD risk assessment and further research is needed to confirm findings.
-
7.
Choline Intake as Supplement or as a Component of Eggs Increases Plasma Choline and Reduces Interleukin-6 without Modifying Plasma Cholesterol in Participants with Metabolic Syndrome.
DiBella, M, Thomas, MS, Alyousef, H, Millar, C, Blesso, C, Malysheva, O, Caudill, MA, Fernandez, ML
Nutrients. 2020;(10)
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance, which increase the risk of heart disease. Eggs have numerous nutrients including choline, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins that may protect against these conditions. Egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a major contributor of dietary choline in the American diet. However, uncertainty remains regarding eggs due to their high concentration of cholesterol. In this study, we evaluated the effect of two sources of choline, whole eggs (a source of PC) and a choline supplement (choline bitartrate, CB), on plasma lipids, glucose, insulin resistance, and inflammatory biomarkers. We recruited 23 subjects with MetS to participate in this randomized cross-over intervention. After a 2-week washout, with no choline intake, participants were randomly allocated to consume three eggs/day or CB (~400 mg choline/d for both) for 4 weeks. After a 3-week washout period, they were allocated to the alternate treatment. Dietary records indicated higher concentrations of vitamin E and selenium during the egg period (p < 0.01). Interestingly, there were no changes in plasma total, low density lipoprotein (LDL)- or high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, or glucose, compared either to baseline or between treatments. In contrast, interleukin-6 was reduced, with both sources of choline compared to baseline, while eggs also had an effect on lowering C-reactive protein, insulin, and insulin resistance compared to baseline. This study demonstrates that in a MetS population, intake of three eggs per day does not increase plasma LDL cholesterol, and has additional benefits on biomarkers of disease compared to a choline supplement, possibly due to the presence of other antioxidants in eggs.
-
8.
FACTORS INFLUENCING ACHIEVEMENT OF LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL GOALS IN MEXICO: THE INTERNATIONAL CHOLESTEROL MANAGEMENT PRACTICE STUDY.
Bello-Chavolla, OY, Aguilar-Salinas, CA
Revista de investigacion clinica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion. 2019;(6):408-416
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Cholesterol Management Practice Study is a multinational collaborative effort to describe the effectiveness of the lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) as well as the main barriers to achieve the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate factors associated with the achievement of LDL-C goals in Mexico using real-life data. METHODS This was a cross-sectional observational study from 18 physicians across different health facilities in Mexico, who provided information about their practices between August 2015 and August 2016. We included patients treated for ≥3 months with any LLT in whom LDL-C measurement on stable LLT was available for the previous 12 months. RESULTS We included 623 patients with a mean age of 59.3 ± 12.7 years; 55.6% were women. The mean LDL-C value on LLT was 141.8 ± 56.1 mg/dL. At enrollment, 97.4% of patients were receiving statin therapy (11.3% on high-intensity treatment). Only 24.8% of the very-high cardiovascular (CV) risk patients versus 26.4% of the high risk and 52.4% of the moderate risk patients achieved their LDL-C goals. Independent factors associated with non-achievement of LDL-C goal were statin intolerance, overweight and obesity, abdominal obesity, female sex, high CV risk, use of public health-care service, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia. Higher-level of education was associated with a lower risk of not achieving LDL-C goals. CONCLUSIONS Achievement of LDL-C goals is suboptimal in Mexico, especially in patients with the highest CV risk. The main barriers to achieve the goal are easily detectable. Implementation of LLT should be adapted to the patient's needs and profile.
-
9.
[Biomarkers of vitamin status in obese school children].
Beketova, NA, Pavlovskaya, EV, Kodentsova, VM, Vrzhesinskaya, OA, Kosheleva, OA, Sokolnikov, AA, Strokova, TV
Voprosy pitaniia. 2019;(4):66-74
Abstract
Inadequate intake of vitamins, noted in children with obesity, reduces the immune system activity, contributes to the metabolic disorders aggravation and may result in comorbidity. The aim of the work was to study sufficiency with vitamins and carotenoids of children with obesity. Material and methods. Examination of vitamin D, B2, C, A, E and β-carotene status in 50 children (male 36.0%) aged 11-17 years [median (Me) - 14 years] with obesity [Z-score body mass index (BMI) >=2.0, Ме=2.86] by determining serum biomarkers has been conducted. Results and discussion. All of the children had an adequate supply with vitamin C (ascorbic acid level >0.4 mg/dL). Low vitamin A status (retinol <30 μg/dl) was revealed in 8% children. Deficiency of vitamin D [25(OH)D<20 ng/ml], vitamin B2 (riboflavin <5 ng/ml) and β-carotene (<10 μg/dl) was detected in 62.0, 38.8 and 74.0% of obese children. The percentage of persons with reduced vitamin E serum level (<0.8 mg/dl) was amounted 54.0%. A severe vitamin D deficit (<10 ng/ml) has been detected in 24.0% of children with Z-score BMI >=2.86 (median value) and has not been observed in children with lower body weight, whose serum β-carotene median was 1.5 fold higher (p<0.05). No one was adequately supplied with all 5 studied vitamins and β-carotene. The combined deficiency of 3 or more vitamins took place in 54.0% of obese children. Synchronously suboptimal serum level of ascorbic acid (<50 μmol/l), β-carotene (<0.4 μmol/l) and α-tocopherol/cholesterol ratio (<5.0 μmol/mmol) which is a cardiovascular disease risk factor, has been found in 28.0% of children. BMI was inversely associated with 25(OH)D serum concentration (ρ=-0.313, р=0.027). There was a pronounced negative correlation between serum level of β-carotene and atherogenic LDL cholesterol (ρ=-0.514, p<0.001). Conclusion. The prevalence of combined vitamin D, tocopherol and carotenoids' inadequacy in obese children indicates the importance of vitamin status correction to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome.
-
10.
The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome in Apparently Healthy Men.
Al-Barha, NS, Aljaloud, KS
American journal of men's health. 2019;(1):1557988318816925
Abstract
There are few studies investigating the role of Ramadan fasting on body composition and the characteristics of metabolic syndrome, especially in hot environments. The main aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Ramadan fasting on body composition and the characteristics of metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy men. In a randomized design, 44 college students aged 27.6 ± 5.8 years were selected to participate in the present study. Lifestyle was assessed by a developed questionnaire, body composition was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer, and blood parameters were evaluated by taking a vein blood sample (10 ml) after fasting 10 hr. All measurements were taken 2-3 days before the month of Ramadan, at the end of Week 2 and end of Week 3, and 6 weeks later. The results identified no significant changes in any of the body composition parameters before, during, or after the month of Ramadan. The only significant change in blood parameters was recorded as a positive reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) during the month of Ramadan, compared to before and after Ramadan. No major changes in metabolic syndrome factors were seen except in fasting blood glucose and systolic blood pressure as both factors were slightly but significantly elevated during the month of Ramadan and even after Ramadan, though both of them were within normal levels. This study concludes that Ramadan fasting could be one of the factors that reduce LDL. More studies are needed to clarify the role of Ramadan fasting on different populations such as obese and diabetic patients.