1.
Is slower advancement of enteral feeding superior to aggressive full feeding regimens in the early phase of critical illness.
Lheureux, O, Preiser, JC
Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. 2020;(2):121-126
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An excessive caloric intake during the acute phase of critical illness is associated with adverse effects, presumably related to overfeeding, inhibition of autophagy and refeeding syndrome. The purpose of this review is to summarize recently published clinical evidence in this area. RECENT FINDINGS Several observational studies, a few interventional trials, and systematic reviews/metaanalyses were published in 2017-2019. Most observational studies reported an association between caloric intakes below 70% of energy expenditure and a better vital outcome. In interventional trials, or systematic reviews, neither a benefit nor a harm was related to increases or decreases in caloric intake. Gastrointestinal dysfunction can be worsened by forced enteral feeding, whereas the absorption of nutrients can be impaired. SUMMARY Owing to the risks of the delivery of an excessive caloric intake, a strategy of permissive underfeeding implying a caloric intake matching a maximum of 70% of energy expenditure provides the best risk-to-benefit ratio during the acute phase of critical illness.
2.
Metabolic and nutritional support of critically ill patients: consensus and controversies.
Preiser, JC, van Zanten, AR, Berger, MM, Biolo, G, Casaer, MP, Doig, GS, Griffiths, RD, Heyland, DK, Hiesmayr, M, Iapichino, G, et al
Critical care (London, England). 2015;(1):35
Abstract
The results of recent large-scale clinical trials have led us to review our understanding of the metabolic response to stress and the most appropriate means of managing nutrition in critically ill patients. This review presents an update in this field, identifying and discussing a number of areas for which consensus has been reached and others where controversy remains and presenting areas for future research. We discuss optimal calorie and protein intake, the incidence and management of re-feeding syndrome, the role of gastric residual volume monitoring, the place of supplemental parenteral nutrition when enteral feeding is deemed insufficient, the role of indirect calorimetry, and potential indications for several pharmaconutrients.
3.
Nutritional Issues in the Short Bowel Syndrome - Total Parenteral Nutrition, Enteral Nutrition and the Role of Transplantation.
O'Keefe, SJ
Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series. 2015;:75-90
Abstract
In this review, I focus on the extreme of the short bowel syndrome where the loss of intestine is so great that patients cannot survive without intravenous feeding. This condition is termed short bowel intestinal failure. The review outlines the principles behind diagnosis, assessing prognosis and management. The advent of intravenous feeding (parenteral nutrition) in the 1970s enabled patients with massive (>90%) bowel resection to survive for the first time and to be rehabilitated back into normal life. To achieve this, central venous catheters were inserted preferably into the superior vena cava and intravenous infusions were given overnight so that the catheter could be sealed by day in order to maximize ambulation and social integration. However, quality of life has suffered by the association of serious complications related to permanent catheterization - mostly in the form of septicemias, thrombosis, metabolic intolerance and liver failure - from the unphysiological route of nutrient delivery. This has led to intense research into restoring gut function. In addition to dietary modifications and therapeutic suppression of motility, novel approaches have been aimed at enhancing the natural adaptation process, first with recombinant growth hormone and more recently with gut-specific glucagon-like peptide-2 analogues, e.g. teduglutide. These approaches have met with some success, reducing the intravenous caloric needs by approximately 500 kcal/day. In controlled clinical trials, teduglutide has been shown to permit >20% reductions in intravenous requirements in over 60% of patients after 6 months of treatment. Some patients have been weaned, but more have been able to drop infusion days. The only approach that predictably can get patients with massive intestinal loss completely off parenteral nutrition is small bowel transplantation, which, if successful (1-year survival for graft and host >90%) is accompanied by dramatic improvements in quality of life.
4.
Huntington Disease - principles and practice of nutritional management.
Zukiewicz-Sobczak, W, Król, R, Wróblewska, P, Piątek, J, Gibas-Dorna, M
Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska. 2014;(6):442-8
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a degenerative brain disease clinically manifested by the characteristic triad: physical symptoms including involuntary movements and poor coordination, cognitive changes with less ability to organize routine tasks, and some emotional and behavioral disturbances. For patients with HD, feeding is one of the problems they have to face. People with HD often have lower than average body weight and struggle with malnutrition. As a part of therapy, good nutrition is an intervention maintaining health and functional ability for maximally prolonged time. In the early stages of HD, small amounts of blenderized foods given orally are recommended. In more advanced stages, enteral nutrition is essential using gastric, or jejunal tubes for short term. Most severe cases require gastrostomy or gastrojejunostomy. Although enteral feeding is well tolerated by most of the patients, a number of complications may occur, including damage to the nose, pharynx, or esophagus, aspiration pneumonia, sinusitis, metabolic imbalances due to improper nutrient and fluid supply, adverse effects affecting gastrointestinal system, and refeeding syndrome.