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1.
[A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERCEPTION OF HEALTH MAINTENANCE FROM INCREASING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO DECREASING PHYSICAL INACTIVITY].
Rotman, D, Constantini, N
Harefuah. 2016;(6):374-7, 385, 384
Abstract
Modern man spends most of his waking hours (50-70%) in one form or another of sedentary behavior, defined as activity conducted in a sitting or reclining position involving low energy expenditure. The remaining waking hours are spent performing low intensity physical activity (25-45%) and medium-high intensity physical activity (less than 5%): Despite this distribution, medical research has focused on the impact of increasing medium-high intensity physical activity and many health organizations' recommendations are in accordance. In recent years, research conducted has begun to examine the effect inactivity has on health and has shown that excess sedentary behaviour is an independent risk factor for a wide range of medical problems such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, poor cardiovascular health profile, diabetes mellitus, and possibly cancer. Although the higher risk brought on by sedentary behaviour is partially reduced by increasing medium-high intensity physical activity, it is not completely neutralized. One way to diminish the harm caused by long hours of sitting is to take short breaks during periods of prolonged sitting in order to walk. According to these findings, it is worthwhile to recommend reducing the hours spent in sedentary behaviour, or at least to take frequent short breaks ("activity snacks") during periods of prolonged sitting to get up and walk around.
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2.
The Role Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Eye Diseases: Current Status and a Dual Role of Physical Activity.
Kruk, J, Kubasik-Kladna, K, Aboul-Enein, HY
Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry. 2015;(3):241-57
Abstract
Extensive research during the past three decades has demonstrated the mechanisms by which an imbalance in the redox status of prooxidant/antioxidant reactions in cells with advantage of prooxidant reactions (oxidative stress, OS) can cause peroxidation of nucleic acids, bases, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, thus resulting in their damage. These actions result in stimulation of signal transduction pathways and activation of transcription factors that can lead to chronic inflammation and cause tissue dysfunction. The most important oxidants are reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generated by various metabolic pathways, physical, chemical and biological factors, and pathological conditions. The eye is one of the major target of the ROS/RNS attack due to exposition on several environmental factors like high pressure of oxygen, light exposure, ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation, chemical pollutants, irritant, and pathogenic microbes, which are able to shift the redox status of a cell towards oxidizing conditions. There is increasing evidence indicating that persistent OS contributes to the development of many ocular diseases. Increases in the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and markers of the oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, proteins observed in several eye diseases and usage of antioxidants in their treatment and prevention emphasize the involvement of OS pathways. This paper summarizes the present state of knowledge in the involvement of OS in the etiology of non-cancer ocular diseases (dry eye syndrome; corneal and conjunctive diseases; cataract; glaucoma; age-related macular degeneration; retinitis pigmentosa; diabetic retinopathy, autoimmune and inflammatory uveitis) and cancer ocular diseases (melanoma; retinoblastoma; lymphoma). The paper also discusses the potential applications of antioxidants in the prevention of eye diseases and shows a duality of physical exercise actions: protection against the ROS/RNS damage by regular-moderate physical activity and damaging effect through mediation of OS by endurance exercise without adaptable physical training.
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3.
The effects of second-generation antipsychotics on food intake, resting energy expenditure and physical activity.
Cuerda, C, Velasco, C, Merchán-Naranjo, J, García-Peris, P, Arango, C
European journal of clinical nutrition. 2014;(2):146-52
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) are associated with weight gain and metabolic alterations including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension and metabolic syndrome. These metabolic side effects increase cardiovascular risk and are related to medication non-compliance. Patients without previous exposure to these or other antipsychotic drugs (naive patients) seem to be more prone to develop these metabolic abnormalities. The mechanisms behind weight gain can be an increase in food intake and/or a decrease in energy expenditure. This review comprehensively examines the current knowledge on the impact of these drugs on food intake and energy expenditure. The influence of these drugs on appetite and food intake (total caloric intake and food sources) is reviewed as well as the evidence of abnormal eating behaviors. The studies evaluating the effect on resting energy expenditure are critically examined, taking into account the influence of body composition and previous exposure to antipsychotics (naive vs non-naive patients). Finally, the influence of these drugs on physical activity is also discussed. The knowledge of the mechanisms of weight gain in patients starting these drugs may be useful to further prompt research in this field and ameliorate the metabolic side effects associated with these treatments.
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4.
Health benefits and risk associated with adopting a vegetarian diet.
Pilis, W, Stec, K, Zych, M, Pilis, A
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny. 2014;(1):9-14
Abstract
A vegetarian diet may be adopted for various reasons that can include ecological, economic, religious, ethical and health considerations. In the latter case they arise from the desire to lose weight, in tackling obesity, improving physical fitness and/or in reducing the risk of acquiring certain diseases. It has been shown that properly applied vegetarian diet is the most effective way of reducing body mass (expressed as BMI), improving the plasma lipid profile and in decreasing the incidence of high arterial blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, stroke, metabolic syndrome and arteriosclerosis. In addition, improved insulin sensitivity together with lower rates of diabetes and cancer has been observed. Some studies have however found that a vegetarian diet may result in changes adversely affecting the body. These could include; hyperhomocysteinaemia, protein deficiency, anaemia, decreased creatinine content in muscles and menstrual disruption in women who undertake increased physical activity. Some of these changes may decrease the ability for performing activities that require physical effort. Nevertheless, on balance it can be reasonably concluded that the beneficial effects of a vegetarian diet significantly, by far, outweigh the adverse ones. It should also be noted that the term 'vegetarian diet' is not always clearly defined in the literature and it may include many dietary variations.
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5.
Physical activity in obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Strasser, B
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2013;(1):141-59
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Abstract
Biological aging is typically associated with a progressive increase in body fat mass and a loss of lean body mass. Owing to the metabolic consequences of reduced muscle mass, it is understood that normal aging and/or decreased physical activity may lead to a higher prevalence of metabolic disorders. Lifestyle modification, specifically changes in diet, physical activity, and exercise, is considered the cornerstone of obesity management. However, for most overweight people it is difficult to lose weight permanently through diet or exercise. Thus, prevention of weight gain is thought to be more effective than weight loss in reducing obesity rates. A key question is whether physical activity can extenuate age-related weight gain and promote metabolic health in adults. Current guidelines suggest that adults should accumulate about 60 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity daily to prevent unhealthy weight gain. Because evidence suggests that resistance training may promote a negative energy balance and may change body fat distribution, it is possible that an increase in muscle mass after resistance training may be a key mediator leading to better metabolic control.
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6.
Effects of physical activity on cardiovascular disease.
Ahmed, HM, Blaha, MJ, Nasir, K, Rivera, JJ, Blumenthal, RS
The American journal of cardiology. 2012;(2):288-95
Abstract
Much attention has been directed toward lifestyle modifications as effective means of reducing cardiovascular disease risk. In particular, physical activity has been heavily studied because of its well-known effects on metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular disease risk, and all-cause mortality. However, data regarding the effects of exercise on various stages of the atherosclerosis pathway remain conflicting. The investigators review previously published reports for recent observational and interventional trials investigating the effects of physical activity on markers of (or causal factors for) atherosclerotic burden and vascular disease, including serum lipoproteins, systemic inflammation, thrombosis, coronary artery calcium, and carotid intima-media thickness. In conclusion, the data show a correlation between physical activity and triglyceride reduction, apolipoprotein B reduction, high-density lipoprotein increase, change in low-density lipoprotein particle size, increase in tissue plasminogen activator activity, and decrease in coronary artery calcium. Further research is needed to elucidate the effect of physical activity on inflammatory markers and intima-media thickness.
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Exercise in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.
Church, T
Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2011;(6):412-8
Abstract
The risk of developing both metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is inversely associated with regular exercise training (ET). Excess weight is also strongly associated with increased risk of both metabolic syndrome and T2DM. There is strong evidence that even a moderate amount of weight loss achieved through changes in diet and ET can greatly reduce the risk of developing T2DM. For the purpose of general health, exercise programs should have both aerobic and resistance training components. The 2008 federal physical activity (PA) guidelines recommend obtaining at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity PA, 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity PA, or a combination of the 2. In addition, all individuals should strive for at least 2 days per week of resistance training activity. For the purpose of weight loss, the combination of ET and reduced energy intake has been found to be more effective than either alone.
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Visfatin and adiponectin levels in children: relationships with physical activity and metabolic parameters.
Mäestu, J, Jürimäe, J, Jürimäe, T
Medicine and sport science. 2010;:56-68
Abstract
Childhood obesity is increasing throughout the world and increases in adipose tissue are related to insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases and metablic syndrome. Adipose tissue is not simply a storage depot for surplus energy but rather, is an active organ that modulates various biological functions and synthesizes and secretes multiple cytokines into the circulation. Adiponectin and visfatin are two cytokines which are considered to be possible links between obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. In turn, concentrations of adiponectin and visfatin are mainly influenced by the overall body fat mass which is one of the main determinants of insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, physical activity and exercise are negatively related to body fat mass and also have an influence on cytokine concentrations in the blood. It is of particular interest whether physical activity or lifestyle interventions have a positive effect on adiponectin and visfatin concentrations in the blood. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the contribution of vistafin and adiponectin to various metabolic parameters and their relationship with different physical activity patterns in children and adolescents.
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9.
Circulating oxidized low-density lipoproteins and arterial elasticity: comparison between men with metabolic syndrome and physically active counterparts.
Pohjantähti-Maaroos, H, Palomäki, A, Kankkunen, P, Laitinen, R, Husgafvel, S, Oksanen, K
Cardiovascular diabetology. 2010;:41
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of oxidized low-density lipoproteins in the intimae of arteries and endothelial dysfunction are key events in the development of atherosclerosis. Patients with metabolic syndrome are at high risk for cardiovascular diseases but the linkage between metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis is incompletely understood. We studied whether the levels of oxidized LDL and arterial elasticity differ between metabolic syndrome patients and physically active controls. METHODS 40 men with metabolic syndrome and 40 physically active controls participated in this cross-sectional study. None of the study subjects had been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Levels of oxidized LDL were assessed by a two-site ELISA immunoassay. Arterial elasticity was assessed non-invasively by the HDI/PulseWave CR-2000 arterial tonometer. RESULTS Levels of oxidized LDL were 89.6 +/- 33.1 U/L for metabolic syndrome subjects and 68.5 +/- 23.6 U/L for controls (p = 0.007). The difference remained significant after adjustment for LDL cholesterol. Large artery elasticity index (C1) was 16.2 +/- 4.1 mL/mmHgx10 for metabolic syndrome subjects and 19.4 +/- 3.7 mL/mmHgx10 for controls (p = 0.001), small artery indices (C2) were 7.0 +/- 3.2 mL/mmHgx100 and 6.5 +/- 2.9 mL/mmHgx100 (NS), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Subjects with metabolic syndrome had elevated levels of oxidized LDL and reduced large arterial elasticity compared to controls. This finding may partly explain the increased risk for cardiovascular diseases among metabolic syndrome patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01114763.
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10.
Considering a frame of reference for physical activity research related to the cardiometabolic risk profile in schizophrenia.
Vancampfort, D, Knapen, J, Probst, M, van Winkel, R, Deckx, S, Maurissen, K, Peuskens, J, De Hert, M
Psychiatry research. 2010;(3):271-9
Abstract
This article reviews evidence that researchers and mental health service providers need to take into account four modifiable factors that affect the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in people with schizophrenia: (a) physical activity as part of a health-related lifestyle, (b) physical fitness, (c) mental health status and (d) antipsychotic medication. The implementation of physical activity in order to prevent and treat cardiometabolic risk factors in people with schizophrenia is discussed. English language articles published until July 2009 were identified by PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The search terms schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome, physical activity, health, fitness, and lifestyle were used. Physical activity interventions result in positive effects on metabolic outcomes, physical fitness, health-related behavior and mental health. Considering present knowledge, physical therapists should take into account the emotional (negative symptoms, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and stress) and physiological (cardiometabolic parameters) components of mental illness when offering physical activity interventions. The physical activity stimulus should be adapted to the individual's physical fitness level and the side effects of the antipsychotic medications. More research is needed to assist in the practical development of effective evidence-based preventive and curative strategies in psychiatric services for metabolic syndrome in persons with schizophrenia.