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Effects of a hypoenergetic diet rich in α-linolenic acid on fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids in overweight and obese patients with metabolic syndrome.
Egert, S, Baxheinrich, A, Lee-Barkey, YH, Tschoepe, D, Stehle, P, Stratmann, B, Wahrburg, U
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2018;:74-80
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) may exert cardioprotective effects. Dietary ALA can undergo desaturation and elongation to form long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but the extent to which this occurs in humans is unclear. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of an energy-restricted diet enriched with ALA on fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids in patients with metabolic syndrome. METHODS The present analysis compared the effects of a hypoenergetic diet high in ALA (3.4 g/d) with a control diet low in ALA (0.9 g/d) on fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids in 81 overweight or obese patients with features of metabolic syndrome. RESULTS After a 26-wk intervention, concentration of ALA in serum phospholipids remained constant in both diet groups. The control group had a significant decrease in serum phospholipid eicosapentaenoic acid concentration, although no significant intergroup difference was observed. Serum phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid concentration significantly decreased to a similar extent with both interventions. Additionally, both interventions significantly decreased serum phospholipid concentrations of palmitic acid, stearic acid, total saturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, total ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with no effect of diet group on these changes. Compared with the ALA diet, the control diet led to a significant increase in serum phospholipid oleic acid concentration. CONCLUSION Daily intake of 3.4 g of ALA during a 26-wk energy-restricted diet did not lead to an enrichment of serum phospholipids with ALA and did not increase eicosapentaenoic acid due to conversion. Additionally, dietary ALA was unable to compensate for a decrease in serum phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid.
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The Effects of Curcumin and Curcumin-Phospholipid Complex on the Serum Pro-oxidant-Antioxidant Balance in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome.
Ghazimoradi, M, Saberi-Karimian, M, Mohammadi, F, Sahebkar, A, Tavallaie, S, Safarian, H, Ferns, GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan, M, Moohebati, M, Esmaeili, H, et al
Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2017;(11):1715-1721
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a clustering of metabolic and anthropometric abnormalities and is associated by an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We have investigated the effect of curcumin supplementation on the serum pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) in patients with MetS. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted over 6 weeks. Subjects (n = 120) were randomly allocated to one of three groups (curcumin, phospholipidated curcumin, and placebo). The curcumin group received 1 g/day of simple curcumin, the phospholipidated curcumin group received 1 g/day of phospholipidated curcumin (containing 200 mg of pure curcumin), and the control group received 1 g/day of placebo. Serum PAB was measured before and after the intervention (at baseline and at 6 weeks). Data analyses were performed using spss software (version 16.0). Serum PAB increased significantly in the curcumin group (p < 0.001), but in the phospholipidated curcumin group, elevation of PAB level was not significant (p = 0.053). The results of our study did not suggest any improvement of PAB following supplementation with curcumin in MetS subjects. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Association of serum phospholipid PUFAs with cardiometabolic risk: beneficial effect of DHA on the suppression of vascular proliferation/inflammation.
Song, J, Kwon, N, Lee, MH, Ko, YG, Lee, JH, Kim, OY
Clinical biochemistry. 2014;(6):361-8
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blood or dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly ω3-PUFAs were known for cardiovascular protective effect. However, the results are still controversial. We aimed to investigate the association of serum phospholipid PUFAs with cardiometabolic risk through cross-sectional/experimental studies. DESIGN/METHODS Serum phospholipid FA compositions and cardiometabolic risk parameters were measured in controls [healthy: n=987, metabolic syndrome (MetS): n=214] and CAD patients (CAD-only: n=152, CAD+MetS: n=56). Experimental assays were performed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). RESULTS Major cardiometabolic risk markers, i.e. insulin resistance, hs-C-reactive proteins, and malondialdehyde were higher, and adiponectin and LDL particle size were lower in CAD patients, particularly those with MetS than in healthy controls. Serum linoleic acid (LA, C18:2ω-6) was lowest and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids (DGLAs, C20:3ω-6) were highest in CAD patients with MetS among the 4 groups. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6ω-3) was lower and arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4ω-6) and ω6/ω3-PUFAs were higher in CAD patients than in controls. ω3-PUFAs were significantly lower in CAD patients, particularly those with MetS than in healthy controls. Multiple regression analysis revealed that AA and DHA among serum FAs were mainly associated with the cardiometabolic risk (β'-coefficients for AA:0.336; DHA: -0.296) together with age, MetS factors, LA, DGLA and gender (r=0.529, p<0.001). Under LPS-induced stress condition, LA and DHA significantly suppressed VSMC proliferation. DHA also up-regulated the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK, and dramatically inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65 in VSMCs. CONCLUSION AA and DHA were mainly associated with cardiometabolic risk. Particularly, DHA may be effective on suppression of vascular proliferation and inflammation.
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Dose-dependent effects of rosuvastatin on the plasma sphingolipidome and phospholipidome in the metabolic syndrome.
Ng, TW, Ooi, EM, Watts, GF, Chan, DC, Weir, JM, Meikle, PJ, Barrett, PH
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2014;(11):E2335-40
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Abstract
CONTEXT Statins are effective cholesterol-lowering agents that reduce cardiovascular disease risk but also have pleiotropic effects that may extend to other lipid classes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article was to investigate, in a post hoc analysis, the dose-dependent effects of rosuvastatin on plasma sphingolipids and phospholipids in men with the metabolic syndrome. METHODS Subjects (n = 12) were studied in a randomized, double-blind, triple-crossover trial of a 5-week treatment period with placebo or rosuvastatin (10 or 40 mg/day) with 2-week washouts between treatments. Plasma sphingolipid profiling was determined by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Rosuvastatin at 10 mg/d (R10) and 40 mg/d (R40) significantly (all P < .001 unless stated otherwise) lowered plasma cholesterol (-34% and -42% [% change with R10 and with R40, respectively]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-49% and -57%) and triglyceride (-24%, P =.03 and -42%) concentrations. Compared with placebo, R10 and R40 significantly decreased the plasma levels of total sphingolipids including those of ceramide (-33% and -37%), sphingomyelin (-27% and -31%), monohexosylceramide (-40% and -47%), dihexosylceramide (-31% and -34%), and trihexosylceramide (-29% and -31%), and GM3 gangliosides (-29% and -26%), lysophosphatidylcholine (-32% and -37%), alkylphosphatidylcholine (-19% and -19%), phosphatidylcholine (-17% and -19%), alkenylphosphatidylcholine (plasmalogen) (-20% and -22%), alkylphosphatidylethanolamine (-20%, P =.008 and -24%, P =.02), alkenylphosphatidylethanolamine (plasmalogen) (-24%, P =.003 and -23%, P =.007), phosphatidylglycerol (-24%, P =.07, -31%, P =.046), and phosphatidylinositol (-34% and -40%). No significant changes were found with phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. Significant dose effects were found with the majority of the plasma sphingolipids, whereas only phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, alkylphosphatidylcholine, alkenylphosphatidylcholine (plasmalogen), and phosphatidylinositol had significant dose effects. Similar changes were found with plasma sphingolipids when results were normalized to the total phosphatidylcholine concentration. CONCLUSIONS Rosuvastatin dose-dependently lowers plasma sphingolipids and phospholipids, independent of low-density lipoprotein lowering, in men with the metabolic syndrome.
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Cellular phospholipid uptake: flexible paths to coregulate the functions of intracellular lipids.
Engelmann, B, Wiedmann, MK
Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2010;(6):609-16
Abstract
Mammalian and arthropod cells acquire phospholipids by protein-mediated pathways that comprise selective and whole particle uptake routes. Phospholipid uptake critically supports cellular incorporation of nutrition-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids. It can occur jointly with cholesterol uptake, but intracellular processing of phospholipids is distinctively different from sterol processing. The newly imported phospholipids are utilized for production of bioactive lipids, such as thromboxane A(2) and lyso phosphatidic acid, and for synthesis of triacylglycerol. Class B scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) represents a major mediator of the uptake of various phospholipids. The related scavenger receptor CD36, as shown here, also facilitates cellular phospholipid uptake. CD36 supports import of the choline phospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM), but not of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Other transferases trigger cellular uptake of selective phospholipids, such as phosphatidic acid (PA) phosphatases that facilitate PA import and thereby modify cell survival and synaptic transmission. Phospholipid uptake depends on the activation status of cells. Activation of blood platelets indeed increases PE uptake. This is mediated by the serpin protein C inhibitor (PCI) and enhances thrombin formation. Exchange of phospholipids between blood cells and lipoproteins partially adjusts the lipid distribution pattern of blood cells to the one of lipoprotein particles. This in turn modifies the activities of cell membrane sodium transporters and could thereby contribute to sodium flux alterations in the metabolic syndrome. The in vivo relevance of phospholipid uptake in humans is indicated by comparable and reversible changes in the same phospholipid species in both lipoproteins and cells after rapid removal of low-density lipoproteins. Finally, cells also incorporate oxidized (pathogenic) phospholipids using partially overlapping entry pathways as native phospholipids which might support the ability of oxidized lipids to promote atherothrombosis.
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Positive impact of long-term lifestyle change on erythrocyte fatty acid profile after acute coronary syndromes.
Caspar-Bauguil, S, Garcia, J, Galinier, A, Périquet, B, Ferrières, J, Allenbach, S, Morin, N, Héricotte, P, Salvayre, R, Baudet, M
Archives of cardiovascular diseases. 2010;(2):106-14
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of coronary diseases is influenced by lifestyle and diet. Among dietary factors, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce mortality from cardiovascular diseases. AIMS To evaluate the impact of dietary and lifestyle advice by calculation of scores and analysis of plasmatic lipids and the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids after 1 year of patient education in 66 patients with acute coronary syndromes. METHODS The answers given by patients during questioning were transformed into scores (atherosclerosis risk, dietary habits and global scores) at inclusion and after 1 year of follow-up. Classical metabolic risk factors and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids were determined at the same time. RESULTS After 1 year of education, patients improved their different scores, particularly by changing dietary habits. The positive impact was seen in the blood lipid and erythrocyte fatty acid levels: plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were lowered and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid percentages were improved in phospholipids. CONCLUSION Global score, lipid variables and the nature of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocyte phospholipids help us to evaluate patients with high coronary artery disease risk and the benefits of long-term dietary and lifestyle advice.