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1.
The Role of Vitamin C in Two Distinct Physiological States: Physical Activity and Sleep.
Otocka-Kmiecik, A, Król, A
Nutrients. 2020;(12)
Abstract
This paper is a literature overview of the complex relationship between vitamin C and two opposing physiological states, physical activity and sleep. The evidence suggests a clinically important bidirectional association between these two phenomena mediated by different physiological mechanisms. With this in mind, and knowing that both states share a connection with oxidative stress, we discuss the existing body of evidence to answer the question of whether vitamin C supplementation can be beneficial in the context of sleep health and key aspects of physical activity, such as performance, metabolic changes, and antioxidant function. We analyze the effect of ascorbic acid on the main sleep components, sleep duration and quality, focusing on the most common disorders: insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome. Deeper understanding of those interactions has implications for both public health and clinical practice.
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2.
Appropriate and inappropriate vitamin supplementation in children.
Martini, L, Pecoraro, L, Salvottini, C, Piacentini, G, Atkinson, R, Pietrobelli, A
Journal of nutritional science. 2020;:e20
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Abstract
The vitamin status of a child depends on many factors and most of the clinical studies do not take into account the different access to adequate nutrition of children coming from different countries and the consequent major differences in micronutrients or vitamin deficits between low-income and high-income countries. Vitamin supplements are included in the general field of dietary supplements. There is a large amount of not always factual material concerning vitamin supplements, and this may sometimes create confusion in clinicians and patients. Inadequate information may lead to the risk of attributing beneficial properties leading to their over-use or misuse in the paediatric field. Vitamin supplementation is indicated in all those conditions in which a vitamin deficiency is found, either because of a reduced intake due to reduced availability of certain foods, restrictive diets or inadequate absorption. The lack of guidelines in these fields may lead paediatricians to an improper use of vitamins, both in terms of excessive use or inadequate use. This is due to the fact that vitamin supplementation is often intended as a therapy of support rather than an essential therapeutic tool able to modify disease prognosis. In fact, various vitamins and their derivatives have therapeutic potential in the prevention and treatment of many diseases, especially in emerging conditions of paediatric age such as type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. The aim of the present article is to analyse the state of the art and consider new perspectives on the role of vitamin supplements in children.
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Effects of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Shi, XY, Yao, J, Fan, SM, Hong, PP, Xia, YG, Chen, Q
Medicine. 2020;(23):e20621
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the commonest endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women. In addition to the reproductive consequences, PCOS is also characterized by a metabolic disorder, which may play a part in the etiology of anovulation and has important implications for long-term health as well. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in PCOS and there is a close relationship between metabolic dysfunction and vitamin D status in women with PCOS. The purpose of this systematic analysis is to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profiles in patients with PCOS. METHODS We will search five databases for relative studies: Medline, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov and identified all reports of randomized controlled trials published prior to July 2020. Two authors will independently scan the articles searched, extract the data from articles included, and assess the risk of bias by Cochrane tool of risk of bias. Disagreements will be resolved by discussion among authors. All analysis will be performed based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Fixed-effects model or random-effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates of weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS This review will be to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profiles in patients with PCOS. The results of the study will be published in a scientific journal after peer-review. CONCLUSIONS These findings will provide guidance to clinicians and patients on the use of vitamin D for PCOS with dyslipidemia. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is a protocol for a systematic review of vitamin D as a treatment of dyslipidemia in PCOS patients. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION INPLASY202050007.
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Can Vitamins, as Epigenetic Modifiers, Enhance Immunity in COVID-19 Patients with Non-communicable Disease?
Singh, V
Current nutrition reports. 2020;(3):202-209
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The highly infectious transmissible disease, the novel SARS-CoV-2, causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has a median incubation time of 5 to 15 days. The symptoms vary from person to person and many are "hidden carriers." Few people experience immediate reaction and even death within 48 h of infection. However, many show mild to chronic symptoms and recover. Nevertheless, the death rate due to COVID-19 transmission is high especially among patients with non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide evidence to consider vitamins as epigenetic modifiers to enhance immunity and reduce inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients with non-communicable diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical evidence has suggested the risk of getting infected is high among individuals with non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and renal disease, as well as the elderly with high mortality rate among the cohort. The impact is due to an already compromised immune system of patients. Every patient has a different response to COVID-19, which shows that the ability to combat the deadly virus varies individually. Thus, treatment can be personalized and adjusted to help protect and combat COVID-19 infections, especially in individuals with non-communicable diseases. Based on current published scientific and medical evidence, the suggestions made in this article for combination of vitamin therapy as epigenetic modifiers to control the unregulated inflammatory and cytokine marker expressions, further needs to be clinically proven. Future research and clinical trials can apply the suggestions given in this article to support metabolic activities in patients and enhance the immune response.
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Effects of vitamin D supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a review.
Menichini, D, Facchinetti, F
Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2020;(1):1-5
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the contribution of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in metabolic disturbances among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This review aims to assess the associations between vitamin D levels and metabolic/endocrine dysregulations and to determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and hormones functionality in PCOS patients. We searched in PubMed human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English between 2016 and 2019 on the effects of vitamin D supplementation on PCOS. Nine studies were included and analyzed. Vitamin D supplementation restored physiological serum 25(OH)D levels in PCOS women in all the studies included. In six studies, it significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose and brought to improvements in insulin resistance (IR) and serum fasting insulin. In addition, four studies reported decreases of serum triglycerides, while discordant data are reported as far as LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol levels. High-doses of vitamin D (4000 IU), compared with low-dose (1000 IU), and placebo, showed beneficial effects on total testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and free androgen index (FAI). Vitamin D supplementation at high doses for a period of at least 12 weeks, may lead to improvement in terms of glucose level, insulin sensitivity, hyperlipidemia, and hormonal functionality in PCOS women.
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Efficacy of oral Vitamin D supplementation in reducing body mass index and lipid profile in adolescents and young adults in Colombia: A pilot clinical trial protocol nested in the SIMBA cohort.
Serrano, NC, Romero, SL, Suárez, DP, Rojas, LZ, Gamboa-Delgado, EM, Forero, M, Guio, E, Quintero-Lesmes, DC
Medicine. 2020;(35):e21722
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the role of vitamin D (VD) as a protective factor in cardiovascular disease has been recognized. Thus, there is a need to study the effect of vitamin D supplementation in the control of different cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome, especially in young populations where few studies have been conducted. METHODS Pilot study of a randomized, parallel two-arm, triple-blind clinical controlled trial in 150 adolescents and young adults in the city of Bucaramanga-Colombia. The intervention group will receive 1000 IU of VD and the control group 200 IU of VD daily for 15 weeks. The main outcomes are: serum calcifediol levels (25(OH) D), body mass index and lipid profile; secondary outcomes are complementary to the previous ones (skin folds, waist-hip ratio). Other variables will be analyzed such as assessment of dietary intake, physical activity, sun exposure, cigarette and tobacco consumption and compliance with VD supplementation. DISCUSSION This study is innovative since there is little evidence from clinical trials in adolescents and young adults; similar studies are not known in our context. The results of this study may facilitate the recommendation of oral vitamin D supplementation in the population of interest. In addition, it is a low-cost and easy-to-apply intervention that could contribute to the formulation and implementation of health policies. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04377386.
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Clinical Significance of Analysis of Vitamin D Status in Various Diseases.
Kowalówka, M, Główka, AK, Karaźniewicz-Łada, M, Kosewski, G
Nutrients. 2020;(9)
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a role not only in the proper functioning of the skeletal system and the calcium-phosphate equilibrium, but also in the immune system, the cardiovascular system and the growth and division of cells. Although numerous studies have reported on the analysis of vitamin D status in various groups of patients, the clinical significance of measurements of vitamin D forms and metabolites remains ambiguous. This article reviews the reports analyzing the status of vitamin D in various chronic states. Particular attention is given to factors affecting measurement of vitamin D forms and metabolites. Relevant papers published during recent years were identified by an extensive PubMed search using appropriate keywords. Measurement of vitamin D status proved to be a useful tool in diagnosis and progression of metabolic syndrome, neurological disorders and cancer. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry has become the preferred method for analyzing the various forms and metabolites of vitamin D in biological fluids. Factors influencing vitamin D concentration, including socio-demographic and biochemical factors as well as the genetic polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor, along with vitamin D transporters and enzymes participating in vitamin D metabolism should be considered as potential confounders of the interpretation of plasma total 25(OH)D concentrations.
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Vitamin D supplementation improves the metabolic syndrome risk profile in postmenopausal women.
Ferreira, PP, Cangussu, L, Bueloni-Dias, FN, Orsatti, CL, Schmitt, EB, Nahas-Neto, J, Nahas, EAP
Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society. 2020;(1):24-31
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of isolated vitamin D (VD) supplementation on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk profile in postmenopausal women.Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 160 postmenopausal women aged 50-65 years were randomized into two groups: VD group, supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin D3/day (n = 80); or placebo group (n = 80). The intervention time was 9 months, and the women were assessed at baseline and endpoint. Clinical and anthropometric data were collected. Biochemical parameters, including total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin, were measured. The plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: After 9 months, there was a significant increase in the 25(OH)D levels for VD group (+45.4%, p < 0.001), and a decrease (-18.5%, p = 0.049) in the placebo group. In the VD group, a significant reduction was observed in triglycerides (-12.2%, p = 0.001), insulin (-13.7%, p = 0.008), and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (-17.9%, p = 0.007). In the placebo group, there was an increase in glucose (+6.2%, p = 0.009). Analysis of the risk adjusted for age, time since menopause, and body mass index showed that women supplemented with VD had a lower risk of MetS (odds ratio [OR] 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21-0.83), hypertriglyceridemia (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.22-0.85), and hyperglycemia (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.10-0.52) compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05).Conclusions: In postmenopausal women with VD deficiency, isolated supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin D3 for 9 months was associated with a reduction in the MetS risk profile. Women undergoing VD supplementation had a lower risk of MetS, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia.
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A narrative review on effects of vitamin D on main risk factors and severity of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
Sangouni, AA, Ghavamzadeh, S, Jamalzehi, A
Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2019;(3):2260-2265
Abstract
The global prevalence of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing rapidly. Many studies have been conducted on the treatment of NAFLD; nevertheless, there is still no approved drug treatment for this disease. Although the pathogenesis of NAFLD is not fully understood, but inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, obesity and dyslipidemia are among the main causes. Epidemiological studies have shown that hypovitaminosis D is associated with these factors causing NAFLD. In addition, rate of Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be directly related to the severity of NAFLD. Accordingly, it is believed that vitamin D may help to treatment of NAFLD by improving the above-mentioned risk factors. The purpose of this review is to survey the recent advances in the field of Vitamin D efficacy on risk factors and the severity of NAFLD based on existing evidence, especially the clinical efficiency of vitamin D supplementation in patients with NAFLD.
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[Biomarkers of vitamin status in obese school children].
Beketova, NA, Pavlovskaya, EV, Kodentsova, VM, Vrzhesinskaya, OA, Kosheleva, OA, Sokolnikov, AA, Strokova, TV
Voprosy pitaniia. 2019;(4):66-74
Abstract
Inadequate intake of vitamins, noted in children with obesity, reduces the immune system activity, contributes to the metabolic disorders aggravation and may result in comorbidity. The aim of the work was to study sufficiency with vitamins and carotenoids of children with obesity. Material and methods. Examination of vitamin D, B2, C, A, E and β-carotene status in 50 children (male 36.0%) aged 11-17 years [median (Me) - 14 years] with obesity [Z-score body mass index (BMI) >=2.0, Ме=2.86] by determining serum biomarkers has been conducted. Results and discussion. All of the children had an adequate supply with vitamin C (ascorbic acid level >0.4 mg/dL). Low vitamin A status (retinol <30 μg/dl) was revealed in 8% children. Deficiency of vitamin D [25(OH)D<20 ng/ml], vitamin B2 (riboflavin <5 ng/ml) and β-carotene (<10 μg/dl) was detected in 62.0, 38.8 and 74.0% of obese children. The percentage of persons with reduced vitamin E serum level (<0.8 mg/dl) was amounted 54.0%. A severe vitamin D deficit (<10 ng/ml) has been detected in 24.0% of children with Z-score BMI >=2.86 (median value) and has not been observed in children with lower body weight, whose serum β-carotene median was 1.5 fold higher (p<0.05). No one was adequately supplied with all 5 studied vitamins and β-carotene. The combined deficiency of 3 or more vitamins took place in 54.0% of obese children. Synchronously suboptimal serum level of ascorbic acid (<50 μmol/l), β-carotene (<0.4 μmol/l) and α-tocopherol/cholesterol ratio (<5.0 μmol/mmol) which is a cardiovascular disease risk factor, has been found in 28.0% of children. BMI was inversely associated with 25(OH)D serum concentration (ρ=-0.313, р=0.027). There was a pronounced negative correlation between serum level of β-carotene and atherogenic LDL cholesterol (ρ=-0.514, p<0.001). Conclusion. The prevalence of combined vitamin D, tocopherol and carotenoids' inadequacy in obese children indicates the importance of vitamin status correction to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome.