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Effectiveness of Workplace-Based Diet and Lifestyle Interventions on Risk Factors in Workers with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression.
Gea Cabrera, A, Caballero, P, Wanden-Berghe, C, Sanz-Lorente, M, López-Pintor, E
Nutrients. 2021;(12)
Abstract
Workplace health interventions are essential to improve the health and well-being of workers and promote healthy lifestyle behaviours. We carried out a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of articles measuring the association between workplace dietary interventions and MetS risk. We recovered potentially eligible studies by searching MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science, using the terms "Metabolic syndrome" and "Occupational Health". A total of 311 references were retrieved and 13 documents were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Dietary interventions were grouped into six main types: basic education/counselling; specific diet/changes in diet and food intake; behavioural change/coaching; physical exercise; stress management; and internet/social networks. Most programmes included several components. The interventions considered together are beneficial, but the clinical results reflect only a minimal impact on MetS risk. According to the metaregression, the interventions with the greatest impact were those that used coaching techniques and those that promoted physical activity, leading to increased HDL (effect size = 1.58, sig = 0.043; and 2.02, 0.015, respectively) and decreased BMI (effect size = -0.79, sig = -0.009; and -0.77, 0.034, respectively). In contrast, interventions offering information on healthy habits and lifestyle had the contrary effect, leading to increased BMI (effect size = 0.78, sig = 0.006), systolic blood pressure (effect size = 4.85, sig = 0.038) and diastolic blood pressure (effect size = 3.34, sig = 0.001). It is necessary to improve the efficiency of dietary interventions aimed at lowering MetS risk in workers.
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Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Jang, H, Park, K
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2020;(3):765-773
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Previous studies suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may reduce the risk of metabolic diseases, but some have shown ambiguous results. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate and summarize available evidence on the association between omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA levels and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS A systematic literature search of articles published until December 2017 was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. Meta-analyses of the highest vs. lowest categories of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs were conducted using the random effects models. RESULTS Thirteen studies (2 case-control, 9 cross-sectional, 1 nested case-control, and 1 prospective cohort) with 36,542 individuals were included. Higher omega-3 PUFA levels in diets or blood were associated with a 26% reduction in the risk of MetS (odds ratio (OR)/relative risk (RR) 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.89). This inverse association was evident among studies with Asian populations (OR/RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.54-0.87), but not among those with American/European populations (OR/RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.55-1.28). Null results were found regarding the association between circulating/dietary omega-6 PUFAs and MetS. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis indicates that higher intakes of omega-3 PUFAs, but not omega-6 PUFAs, was associated with lower MetS risk; adding to the current body of evidence on the metabolic health effects of circulating/dietary omega-3 PUFAs.
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Healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns and the risk of chronic disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies.
Jayedi, A, Soltani, S, Abdolshahi, A, Shab-Bidar, S
The British journal of nutrition. 2020;(11):1133-1144
Abstract
We aimed to fully review the association of empirical dietary patterns with the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases and to rate the quality of the evidence. Published meta-analyses of observational studies investigating the association of empirically derived dietary patterns with the risk of chronic diseases were identified by searching PubMed and Scopus till September 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted the information and rated the quality of the evidence by NutriGrade score. For each meta-analysis, cross-sectional and case–control studies were excluded and then summary relative risk was recalculated by using a random-effects model. Sixteen meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies, reporting eighteen SRR for healthy dietary patterns and sixteen SRR for unhealthy patterns obtained from 116 primary prospective cohort studies with 4·8 million participants, were included. There was moderate quality of evidence for the inverse association of healthy dietary patterns with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), fracture and colorectal and breast cancers. There was also low-quality evidence for the inverse relation between healthy dietary patterns and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, depression, CHD and respiratory diseases. There was moderate quality of evidence for a positive association between unhealthy dietary patterns and the risk of T2D, fracture and the metabolic syndrome. Adopting a healthy dietary pattern may reduce the risk of T2D, CHD and premature death. More research is needed for outcomes for which the quality of the evidence was rated low, such as respiratory disease, mental illness and site-specific cancers.
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Relationship Between Nut Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.
Zhang, Y, Zhang, DZ
Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2019;(6):499-505
Abstract
Objective: Our aim was to examine the relationship between nut consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: The electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched up to November 2018 for observational studies on the relationship between nut consumption and MetS. The pooled relative risk (RR) of MetS for the highest versus lowest category of nut consumption, as well as their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: A total of 11 observational studies (6 cross-sectional and 5 prospective cohort studies), which involved a total of 89,224 participants, were identified for this meta-analysis. The overall multivariable adjusted RR showed that nut consumption was negatively associated with MetS (RR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.76-0.92; p < 0.001). Of interest, subgroup analysis confirmed that such findings existed in tree nuts (RR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94-1.00; p = 0.04), but not in peanuts (RR = 1.01; 95% CI, 0.96-1.06; p = 0.68). Conclusions: The existing evidence suggested that nut consumption was negatively associated with MetS. However, such an inverse relationship only existed in tree nuts, not in peanuts. More well-designed studies with detailed specifications of nut varieties are needed to further elaborate the issues examined in this study.
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Dietary calcium intake and the risk of metabolic syndrome: evidence from observational studies.
Cheng, L, Hu, D, Jiang, W
Public health nutrition. 2019;(11):2055-2062
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological investigations evaluating the association of dietary Ca intake with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk have yielded controversial results. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively summarize the association between dietary Ca intake and the risk of MetS. DESIGN PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles published up to October 2018. The pooled OR and 95 % CI were calculated with a random-effects model. SETTING Meta-analysis.ParticipantsNine cross-sectional studies. RESULTS A total of nine articles with fifteen studies for dietary Ca intake were finally included in the meta-analysis. The combined OR with 95 % CI of MetS for the highest v. lowest category of dietary Ca intake was 0·80 (95 % CI 0·70, 0·91). For dose-response analysis, a non-linear relationship was found between dietary intake of Ca and risk of MetS (P non-linearity<0·001). The threshold for dietary Ca intake was 280 mg/d (OR=0·87; 95 % CI 0·82, 0·93), reducing the risk of MetS by 13 %. CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis suggests that dietary Ca intake might reduce the risk of MetS, which needs to be further confirmed by larger prospective cohort studies.
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Dietary Patterns and Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Fabiani, R, Naldini, G, Chiavarini, M
Nutrients. 2019;(9)
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) constitutes a relevant public health burden. Several studies have demonstrated the association between diet and MetS. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide an estimate of the association between dietary patterns defined through a posteriori methods and MetS. A literature search on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, up to March 2019, was conducted to identify all eligible case-control, prospective, or cross-sectional studies involving adult subjects of both sexes. Random-effects models were used. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated. Stratified analyses were conducted on study characteristics. Forty observational studies were included in the meta-analysis, which identified the "Healthy" and the "Meat/Western" dietary patterns. The "Healthy" pattern was associated with reduced MetS risk (OR = 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79-0.91) and significantly decreased the risk in both sexes and in Eastern countries, particularly in Asia. Adherence to the "Meat/Western" pattern increased MetS risk (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.09-1.29) and the association persisted in the stratified analysis by geographic area (Asia, Europe, America) and study design. Lifestyle is linked to risk of developing MetS. The "Healthy" and "Meat/Western" patterns are significantly associated with reduced and increased MetS risk, respectively. Nutrition represents an important modifiable factor affecting MetS risk.
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Dietary Inflammatory Index and its Association with the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Namazi, N, Larijani, B, Azadbakht, L
Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme. 2018;(5):345-358
Abstract
Findings from previous studies on the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and the risk of chronic diseases and mortality have been inconsistent. We aimed to summarize studies on the association of the DII and the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and mortality in a systematic review and meta-analysis. We performed a systematic search in PubMed/Medline, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus databases for relevant studies written in English and published until 31 December 2017. Studies that reported the relative risk (RR), odd ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) for the most pro-inflammatory versus the most anti-inflammatory diets were included. Finally, 17 studies [CVD (n=6), MetS (n=5), mortality (n=6)] were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. Findings indicated a trend toward a positive relationship between the DII and the risk for CVD (pooled RR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.60; I2: 28.6%, p=0.21), all-cause mortality (pooled HR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.35; I2: 72.6%, p=0.003), CVD mortality (pooled HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.57; I2: 74.0%, p=0.009) and cancer mortality (pooled HR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.53; I2: 62.5%, p=0.03). However, no significant association was found between the DII and the risk for MetS (pooled RR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.24; I2: 32.6%, p=0.20). Although in the current meta-analysis the most pro-inflammatory diet versus the most anti-inflammatory diet was not associated with the risk of MetS, we observed a substantial association between the DII and the risk for CVD and all types of mortality. However, further cohort studies in different populations are needed to clarify this association.
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Meat Consumption and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: Results from the Korean Population and a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.
Kim, Y, Je, Y
Nutrients. 2018;(4)
Abstract
Many studies have reported harmful effects of red meat or processed meat on chronic diseases including cancer and diabetes, but epidemiological evidence for metabolic syndrome is limited and remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of observational studies to assess the association between various meat consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome. The PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases were searched through June 2017, and further included unpublished results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012-2015, including 8387 Korean adults. Sixteen studies were suitable for meta-analysis, which included 19,579 cases among 76,111 participants. We used a random-effects model to calculate the pooled relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The pooled RR for metabolic syndrome of the highest versus lowest category of meat intake was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.23) for total meat, 1.33 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.74) for red meat, 1.35 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.54) for processed meat, and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.97) for white meat. All of these associations did not differ significantly by study design and adjustment factors. Our findings indicated that total, red, and processed meat intake is positively associated with metabolic syndrome, and white meat intake is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Associations of vegetable and fruit consumption with metabolic syndrome. A meta-analysis of observational studies.
Zhang, Y, Zhang, DZ
Public health nutrition. 2018;(9):1693-1703
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of vegetable and/or fruit consumption with metabolic syndrome (MetS). DESIGN Meta-analysis of observational studies. SETTING The electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched up to September 2017 for observational studies concerning the associations of vegetable and/or fruit consumption with MetS. The pooled relative risk (RR) of MetS for the highest v. the lowest category of vegetable and/or fruit consumption, as well as their corresponding 95 % CI, were calculated. RESULTS A total of twenty-six observational studies (twenty cross-sectional, one case-control and five cohort studies) were included in the meta-analysis. Specifically, sixteen studies were related to vegetable consumption and the overall multivariable-adjusted RR evidenced a negative association between vegetable consumption and MetS (RR=0·89, 95 % CI 0·85, 0·93; P<0·001). For fruit consumption, sixteen studies were included and the overall multivariable-adjusted RR demonstrated that fruit consumption was inversely associated with MetS (RR=0·81, 95 % CI 0·75, 0·88; P<0·001). For vegetable and fruit consumption, eight studies were included; the overall multivariable-adjusted RR showed that vegetable and fruit consumption was also negatively associated with MetS (RR=0·75, 95 % CI 0·63, 0·90; P=0·002). CONCLUSIONS The existing evidence suggests that vegetable and/or fruit consumption is negatively associated with MetS. More well-designed prospective cohort studies are needed to elaborate the concerned issues further.
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Rice consumption, incidence of chronic diseases and risk of mortality: meta-analysis of cohort studies.
Saneei, P, Larijani, B, Esmaillzadeh, A
Public health nutrition. 2017;(2):233-244
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OBJECTIVE Findings from cohort studies investigating the association between rice consumption and risk of chronic diseases or mortality have been inconsistent. We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on all published cohort studies examining white rice consumption in relation to incidence of chronic diseases or risk of mortality. DESIGN A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane review, Google Scholar and Scopus databases for relevant cohort studies published until July 2014. For systematic review, we found nineteen studies examining the association between rice intake and risk of chronic diseases (obesity, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, CVD and cancers) or mortality. Cohort studies which reported relative risk (RR) or odds ratio for highest v. lowest intake of rice and chronic diseases or mortality were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS In a meta-analysis on seventeen risk estimates for highest v. lowest category of rice intake, provided from twelve studies, we found a trend towards a positive association (RR; 95 % CI) between rice consumption and risk of all chronic diseases (1·11; 0·96, 1·29); however, significant between-study heterogeneity was found (I 2=70·3 %, P<0·001). Stratified analysis by gender showed a significant positive association between rice consumption and risk of chronic diseases in women (1·40; 1·13, 1·73), but not in men (0·95; 0·72, 1·24). Combining ten effect sizes from five studies showed that high consumption of rice was not significantly associated with mortality (0·97; 0·88, 1·06). Subgroup analysis by gender indicated an inverse association between rice consumption and mortality in men (0·87; 0·81, 0·94), but a trend towards a positive association in women (1·08; 0·97, 1·19). CONCLUSIONS Although white rice consumption was not found to be associated with individual chronic conditions, we observed a positive association between white rice intake and risk of all overall chronic diseases in women. High rice consumption was related to a modest reduction in risk of mortality in men but not in women. Further studies of these relationships, in different populations, are needed.