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The Role of Resveratrol Administration in Human Obesity.
Mongioì, LM, La Vignera, S, Cannarella, R, Cimino, L, Compagnone, M, Condorelli, RA, Calogero, AE
International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;(9)
Abstract
Obesity is a widespread disease that is associated with numerous and serious comorbidities. These include metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular-cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, cancer, and sexual and hormonal disorders. The treatment of obesity has therefore become a goal of great clinical and social relevance. Among the therapeutic strategies against obesity, resveratrol has aroused great interest. This polyphenol has anticancer and antioxidant properties and cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Other favorable effects attributed to resveratrol are anti-lipid, anti-aging, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and neuroprotective actions. Administration of resveratrol appears to improve the metabolic profile in obese and/or insulin-resistant patients. This article aims to review the main results of clinical studies evaluating the effects of administering resveratrol alone in overweight/obese patients.
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Antioxidant supplementations ameliorate PCOS complications: a review of RCTs and insights into the underlying mechanisms.
Gharaei, R, Mahdavinezhad, F, Samadian, E, Asadi, J, Ashrafnezhad, Z, Kashani, L, Amidi, F
Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics. 2021;(11):2817-2831
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Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most important gynecological disorders of women in the age of reproduction. Different hormonal and inflammatory cross-talks may play in the appearance of its eventual complications as a leading cause of infertility. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species over the power of the antioxidant system as oxidative stress is known to contribute to a variety of diseases like PCOS. Thus, the utilization of antioxidants can be efficient in preventing or assistant in treating these diseases. In this review, we describe the clinical trial studies that have examined the efficiency of antioxidant strategies against PCOS and the possible underlying mechanisms. The investigations presented here lead us to consider that targeting oxidative stress pathways is probably a powerful promising therapeutic approach towards PCOS. There is preparatory evidence of the effectiveness of antioxidant interventions in ameliorating some of the PCOS complications, including metabolic and hormonal disorders. Due to limited data and relatively few clinical trials, many of these interventions need further investigation before they can be considered effective agents for routine clinical use.
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The Role of Vitamin C in Two Distinct Physiological States: Physical Activity and Sleep.
Otocka-Kmiecik, A, Król, A
Nutrients. 2020;(12)
Abstract
This paper is a literature overview of the complex relationship between vitamin C and two opposing physiological states, physical activity and sleep. The evidence suggests a clinically important bidirectional association between these two phenomena mediated by different physiological mechanisms. With this in mind, and knowing that both states share a connection with oxidative stress, we discuss the existing body of evidence to answer the question of whether vitamin C supplementation can be beneficial in the context of sleep health and key aspects of physical activity, such as performance, metabolic changes, and antioxidant function. We analyze the effect of ascorbic acid on the main sleep components, sleep duration and quality, focusing on the most common disorders: insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome. Deeper understanding of those interactions has implications for both public health and clinical practice.
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Glutathione depleting drugs, antioxidants and intestinal calcium absorption.
Moine, L, Rivoira, M, Díaz de Barboza, G, Pérez, A, Tolosa de Talamoni, N
World journal of gastroenterology. 2018;(44):4979-4988
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide that constitutes one of the main intracellular reducing compounds. The normal content of GSH in the intestine is essential to optimize the intestinal Ca2+ absorption. The use of GSH depleting drugs such as DL-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine, menadione or vitamin K3, sodium deoxycholate or diets enriched in fructose, which induce several features of the metabolic syndrome, produce inhibition of the intestinal Ca2+ absorption. The GSH depleting drugs switch the redox state towards an oxidant condition provoking oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation, which lead to apoptosis and/or autophagy of the enterocytes. Either the transcellular Ca2+ transport or the paracellular Ca2+ route are altered by GSH depleting drugs. The gene and/or protein expression of transporters involved in the transcellular Ca2+ pathway are decreased. The flavonoids quercetin and naringin highly abrogate the inhibition of intestinal Ca2+ absorption, not only by restoration of the GSH levels in the intestine but also by their anti-apoptotic properties. Ursodeoxycholic acid, melatonin and glutamine also block the inhibition of Ca2+ transport caused by GSH depleting drugs. The use of any of these antioxidants to ameliorate the intestinal Ca2+ absorption under oxidant conditions associated with different pathologies in humans requires more investigation with regards to the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of them.
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Selenium Homeostasis and Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review.
Gharipour, M, Sadeghi, M, Behmanesh, M, Salehi, M, Nezafati, P, Gharpour, A
Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis. 2017;(3):263-270
Abstract
Selenium is a trace element required for a range of cellular functions. It is widely used for the biosynthesis of the unique amino acid selenocysteine [Sec], which is a structural element of selenoproteins. This systematic review focused on the possible relation between selenium and metabolic risk factors. The literature was searched via PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Searches were not restricted by time or language. Relevant studies were selected in three phases. After an initial quality assessment, two reviewers extracted all the relevant data, whereas the third reviewer checked their extracted data. All evidence came from experimental and laboratory studies. Selenoprotein P is the best indicator for selenium nutritional levels. In addition, high levels of selenium may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome while the lack of sufficient selenium may also promote metabolic syndrome. selenium supplementation in subjects with sufficient serum selenium levels has a contrary effect on blood pressure, LDL, and total cholesterol. According to the bioavailability of different types of selenium supplementation such as selenomethionine, selenite and selenium-yeast, it seems that the best nutritional type of selenium is selenium-yeast. Regarding obtained results of longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials, selenium supplementation should not be recommended for primary or secondary cardio-metabolic risk prevention in populations with adequate selenium status.
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Treatment regimens for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Lam, BP, Younossi, ZM
Annals of hepatology. 2009;:S51-9
Abstract
With the growing epidemic of obesity and diabetes, more attention has been placed on metabolic syndrome and its associated hepatic manifestation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Within the spectrum of clinico-pathologic conditions known as NAFLD, only a minority of patients has the histological features characteristic of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which has the potential to progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, diagnosis and therapy should target patients with NASH. Current treatment recommendations include weight loss and the reversal of other components of metabolic syndrome, but several other treatment modalities are under investigation. To date, no pharmacologic treatment has been reliably shown to be effective for NASH. This article reviews all available treatment modalities, including lifestyle changes, bariatric surgery, weight loss medications, insulin sensitizers, lipid lowering agents, antioxidants, cytoprotective agents, and other novel treatments.
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Managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: recommendations for family physicians.
Grattagliano, I, Portincasa, P, Palmieri, VO, Palasciano, G
Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien. 2007;(5):857-63
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review evidence on the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common cause of chronic liver disease in human beings. SOURCES OF INFORMATION The literature was searched for clinical trials and review articles on NAFLD. Levels I and II evidence indicates the benefit of both lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions for NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). MAIN MESSAGE Scientific evidence does not currently support systematic screening for NAFLD. Both NAFLD and NASH are frequently discovered in overweight and obese patients with asymptomatic elevation of serum aminotransferase levels. Ultrasonography detects the presence of a fatty liver, but is unreliable for detecting and quantifying liver fibrosis. Patients with NAFLD should be monitored for possible progression to NASH, particularly if they have diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Although diet and exercise are the mainstays of treatment, medication might be warranted if an appropriate diet and regular physical activity do not improve biochemical markers and liver morphology. Referral for liver biopsy and further evaluation should be considered for those at higher risk of developing NASH. CONCLUSION Although most patients with NAFLD have a benign course, some progress to NASH, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. These patients should be carefully monitored for progression of disease and treated for associated metabolic disturbances. An integrated approach to care is essential.
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8.
Advances in diabetes for the millennium: vitamins and oxidant stress in diabetes and its complications.
Chertow, B
MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine. 2004;(3 Suppl):4
Abstract
Hyperinduced oxidant stress may have a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its micro- and macrovascular complications. Attaining euglycemia and the use of antioxidant vitamins could reduce oxidant stress and complications. In general, evidence does not support the use of supplements, and supplements are not recommended unless patients are deficient. Use of vitamins in excess may have adverse effects. Vitamin supplements are indicated in patients deficient in vitamins due to inadequate dietary intake or intestinal disease. Treatment with proper amounts of vitamins and antioxidants is best accomplished with a balanced diet including 3 servings of vegetables and 2 servings of fruits. Regarding supplementation of specific vitamins: carotene cannot be recommended in view of the possible harm and lack of benefit in clinical studies. Vitamin A (retinol) and Vitamin D should be repleted if deficient by laboratory assay. Excesses should be avoided. Vitamin A supplements, particularly in pregnancy, should not exceed 10,000 IU daily or a supplement should not exceed 25,000 units weekly. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) alone in doses of 400 units is of questionable value, and larger doses may cause intracranial hemorrhage or interact negatively with lipid-lowering drugs. Vitamin E should not be used in patients who have bleeding disorders or patients on anticoagulants or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) losses in urine may be excessive in diabetic patients and may require repletion to 200 mg in nonsmokers and 250 mg in smokers. Further studies are needed testing: (1) vitamin supplementation in subgroups of patients at high risk for specific complications using tissue-specific indicators of oxidative stress; (2) the role of oxidative stress in nephropathy, diabetic myocardiopathy, dermopathy, joint limitation syndromes, peripheral edema, metabolic bone disease, and pregnancy; (3) the impact of renal failure on oxidative stress; and (4) the effects of diabetes and dietary vitamins on the relative amounts of retinoids, carotenoids, and vitamin E in the chylomicron and lipoproteins, and how this affects assimilation, oxidation of lipids, and atherosclerotic plaque formation.