1.
[Clinical significance of proteinuria and renal function: findings from a population-based cohort, the Takahata study].
Konta, T
Rinsho byori. The Japanese journal of clinical pathology. 2013;(7):629-34
Abstract
Proteinuria/albuminuria and renal insufficiency are major components of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and are strongly associated with end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular events and premature death. To clarify the prevalence of these renal disorders and the association between renal disorders and mortality in the Japanese population, we conducted a community-based longitudinal study. This study included 3,445 registered Japanese subjects, with a 7-year follow-up. Proteinuria/albuminuria was evaluated using dipstick strips and the urinary protein/albumin creatinine ratio (PCR/ACR). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the equation for Japanese subjects. The prevalence of dipstick proteinuria, proteinuria (PCR > or = 0.15 g/gCr), albuminuria(ACR > or =30 mg/gCr) and renal insufficiency(estimated GFR< 60 ml/min/1.73m2) were 5%, 8%, 15% and 7%, respectively. The overlap between urinary abnormality and renal insufficiency was small. The prevalence of proteinuria/albuminuria increased along with the increase of blood pressure, 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, HbAlc and the number of components of metabolic syndrome. Kaplan Meier analysis showed that all-cause mortality was significantly increased along with the increase in urinary albumin excretion and the subjects with albuminuria showed a significantly higher mortality rate than those without albuminuria. Cox proportional hazard analysis after adjusting for possible confounders showed that albuminuria was an independent risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In conclusion, proteinuria/albuminuria and renal insufficiency are prevalent and were independently associated with mortality in the Japanese general population. The detection of renal disorders at the earliest opportunity is important to prevent premature death.
2.
[Chronic renal disease as cardiovascular risk factor].
Hermans, MM, Kooman, JP, Stehouwer, CD
Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde. 2008;(29):1614-8
Abstract
A lowering of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or the presence of albuminuria are signs of chronic renal disease. Both variables are for the most part independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Albuminuria is a marker of endothelial dysfunction. A decrease of the GFR is associated with non-traditional risk factors, e.g. renal anaemia, uraemic toxins due to a decrease of the renal clearance, hyperhomocysteinaemia caused by a diminished homocysteine metabolism, excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system which is related to sleep apnoea syndrome, oxidative stress and dyslipidaemia associated with the formation of vasotoxic, oxidised LDL cholesterol. These non-traditional risk factors may, alone or in combination with traditional atherogenic risk factors (e.g. age, male gender, smoking, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, obesity, positive family history and diabetes mellitus), partially via endothelial dysfunction, result in harmful effects on arterial function, increasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Different stages of chronic kidney disease are associated with specific risk factors, making a specific therapeutic approach essential.