1.
The potential role of folate metabolism in interstitial cystitis.
Keagy, CD
International urogynecology journal. 2019;(3):363-370
Abstract
The topic of interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as painful bladder syndrome (PBS), and folate/one carbon metabolism has previously been unaddressed in research. This narrative review highlights a potential connection for those with mast cell-related IC and histamine-mediated pain that is explored through four conceptual sections. The first section focuses on the nature of mast cell involvement and histamine-mediated pain in some interstitial cystitis patients. The second section reviews the literature on folate status in wider allergic conditions. The third section addresses the role of folate and methylation in general in histamine excretion. Finally, folate metabolism and vascular function are addressed because of the vascular abnormalities present in some IC bladders.
2.
SAM syndrome is characterized by extensive phenotypic heterogeneity.
Taiber, S, Samuelov, L, Mohamad, J, Barak, EC, Sarig, O, Shalev, SA, Lestringant, G, Sprecher, E
Experimental dermatology. 2018;(7):787-790
Abstract
Severe skin dermatitis, multiple allergies and metabolic wasting (SAM) syndrome is a rare life-threatening inherited condition caused by bi-allelic mutations in DSG1 encoding desmoglein 1. The disease was initially reported to manifest with severe erythroderma, failure to thrive, atopic manifestations, recurrent infections, hypotrichosis and palmoplantar keratoderma. We present 3 new cases of SAM syndrome in 2 families and review the cases published so far. Whole exome and direct sequencing were used to identify SAM syndrome-causing mutations. Consistent with previous data, SAM syndrome was found in all 3 patients to result from homozygous mutations in DSG1 predicted to result in premature termination of translation. In contrast, as compared with patients previously reported, the present cases were found to display a wide range of clinical presentations of variable degrees of severity. The present data emphasize the fact that SAM syndrome is characterized by extensive phenotypic heterogeneity, suggesting the existence of potent modifier traits.
3.
Mast cells in allergic and inflammatory diseases.
Sismanopoulos, N, Delivanis, DA, Alysandratos, KD, Angelidou, A, Therianou, A, Kalogeromitros, D, Theoharides, TC
Current pharmaceutical design. 2012;(16):2261-77
Abstract
Mast cells are important in the development of allergic and anaphylactic reactions, but also in acquired and innate immunity. There is also increasing evidence that mast cells participate in inflammatory diseases, where they can be activated by non-allergic triggers, such as neuropeptides and cytokines, often having synergistic effects as in the case of substance P (SP) and IL-33. Secretion of vasoactive mediators, cytokines and proteinases contribute to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD), as well as to diet-induced obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Mast cells may be able to orchestrate such different biological processes through their ability to release pro-inflammatory mediators selectively without the degranulation typical of allergic reactions. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and mitochondrial translocation regulate mast cell degranulation, but not selective mediator release. Better understanding of these two processes and how mast cells exert both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive actions could lead to the development of inhibitors of release of specific mediators with novel therapeutic applications.