Oral propranolol in prevention of severe retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE To systematically assess the efficacy of oral beta blockage treatment in primary (before established) and secondary (in threshold stages) prevention of severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in premature infants born ≤32 weeks gestational age. STUDY DESIGN Following the PRISMA guidelines, published literature was systematically assessed up to April 27, 2018. Trials and observational studies, in which beta blockage was used to prevent severe ROP (defined as stage ≥3, or requiring treatment) were included. Meta-analyses including random effects models were conducted to determine the overall effect of oral beta blockage on prevention of ROP. RESULTS Six studies (five clinical trials and one observational study) including 461 infants met inclusion criteria using propranolol. The pooled relative risk (RR) of severe ROP in the primary and secondary prophylaxis groups were 0.65 (95% CI 0.43-0.98, NNT = 7) and 0.48 (95% CI 0.35-0.65, NNT = 6) in RCTs, respectively. The RR of severe ROP in one observational study was 0.21 (95% CI 0.08-0.55) with a NNT of 3. There were low heterogeneity and publication bias. Side effects occurred in 8.4% of participants on propranolol. CONCLUSIONS Systematic assessment of studies showed that prophylactic oral propranolol appeared to be effective in preventing severe ROP in premature infants ≤32 weeks gestational age. Additional well powered, multinational, randomized control trials reporting on long-term outcomes are needed.