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1.
Changes in Circulating Cytokines and Adipokines After RYGB in Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes.
Katsogiannos, P, Kamble, PG, Pereira, MJ, Sundbom, M, Carlsson, PO, Eriksson, JW, Espes, D
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 2021;(3):535-542
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare cytokine and adipokine levels in patients with obesity with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D) at baseline and 6 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) with healthy controls. METHODS A total of 34 patients (21 with T2D) with BMI of 30 to 45 kg/m2 were compared with 25 healthy controls without obesity. Cytokines, adipokines, and peptides of relevance for inflammation and metabolism were analyzed in plasma. RESULTS Significant decreases in weight and glycated hemoglobin A1c were observed. At baseline, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IFN-β, IL-18, leptin, and hepatocyte growth factor were higher in all patients with obesity compared with healthy controls. In patients without T2D, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-15, and visfatin were also increased, whereas bone morphogenic protein-4 was decreased. Following RYGB, IL-6 and hepatocyte growth factor were still increased in both groups compared with controls. In T2D patients, IFN-β, IL-27, IL-1α, IL-2, regenerating islet-derived protein 3A, visfatin, and osteopontin were found to be increased. In patients without T2D, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-15, leptin, and visfatin remained increased. CONCLUSIONS The altered cytokine profile of patients with obesity persisted after RYGB despite large weight loss and improved metabolic status, thus reflecting an inherent inflammatory state.
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Altered adipokine levels are associated with dimethyl fumarate treatment in multiple sclerosis patients.
Baharnoori, M, Wilson, R, Saxena, S, Gonzalez, CT, Sotiropoulos, MG, Keyhanian, K, Healy, BC, Chitnis, T
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. 2021;:103311
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is linked to increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) and worsening disease severity. Recent experimental and clinical data indicates that adipokines are involved in regulating immune response and serve as cross talk between immune and neural system. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an oral MS medication with unknown mechanism of action. It upregulates the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, a pathway for adipocyte differentiation. To determine a possible relationship between treatment with dimethyl fumarate, serum adipokine profiles and treatment response in patients with MS, we conducted an observational cohort study and measured serum adipokine and Vitamin D levels before and after treatment with DMF and examined their association with treatment response. METHODS We identified patients enrolled in the Comprehensive Longitudinal Investigation of Multiple Sclerosis at Brigham and Women's Hospital (CLIMB) study who were treated with dimethyl fumarate and had available serum samples. Longitudinal pre-treatment and on-treatment samples were available in 23 patients. Cross-sectional on-treatment samples were available in 91 patients, who were classified into DMF responders and non-responders based on radiologic and clinical relapse activity or disability progression. We measured serum leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP-4) and-5 (FABP-5), vitamins D2 and D3. Statistical analysis was performed with paired t-tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS After treatment with DMF, serum adiponectin levels significantly increased, whereas FABP-4 levels significantly decreased compared to baseline levels, without a statistically significant change in the patients' BMI. Ghrelin levels were insignificantly lower post-treatment. FABP-4 levels were significantly higher in DMF responders compared to non-responders. This effect was sex-specific, with higher FABP4 levels associated with treatment response in males, but not females. CONCLUSION DMF treatment is associated with significant changes in serum adipokine levels, primarily adiponectin and FABP-4. Sex may affect the association between FABP-4 and treatment response.
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Blood Circulating Levels of Adipokines in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Mehrabani, S, Arab, A, Karimi, E, Nouri, M, Mansourian, M
Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.). 2021;(11):3032-3050
Abstract
A body of studies has examined the circulating concentration of adipokines including apelin, vapin, resistin, and chemerin in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. However, their findings have been inconclusive. Therefore, we systematically reviewed available studies to illuminate the overall circulating concentration of adipokines in PCOS subjects. Cochrane's Library, PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases were searched from the earliest available date up to April 2021 for relevant articles. The quality of each study was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The pooled effect size was estimated based on the random effects model, and the standard mean differences (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported. A total of 88 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the current systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of the analysis showed that serum levels of vaspin (SMD 0.69; 95% CI, 0.22 to 1.17; P = 0.004; I2 = 90.6%), chemerin (SMD 1.87; 95% CI, 1.35 to 2.40; P < 0.001; I2 = 94.4%), and resistin (SMD 0.66; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.91; P < 0.001; I2 = 92.6%) were significantly higher in the PCOS group compared to controls. However, there was no significant difference between the PCOS and control groups in relation to apelin levels (SMD - 0.17; 95% CI, - 1.06 to 0.73; P = 0.714; I2 = 97.8%). We found that serum levels of vaspin, chemerin, and resistin were significantly higher in PCOS subjects compared with controls. It seems that these adipokines can be measured as a useful marker to predict the development of PCOS.
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GDM-complicated pregnancies: focus on adipokines.
Mallardo, M, Ferraro, S, Daniele, A, Nigro, E
Molecular biology reports. 2021;(12):8171-8180
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Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious complication of pregnancy and is defined as a state of glucose intolerance that is first diagnosed and arises during gestation. Although the pathophysiology of GDM has not yet been thoroughly clarified, insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction are considered critical components of its etiopathogenesis. To sustain fetus growth and guarantee mother health, many significant changes in maternal metabolism are required in normal and high-risk pregnancy accompanied by potential complications. Adipokines, adipose tissue-derived hormones, are proteins with pleiotropic functions including a strong metabolic influence in physiological conditions and during pregnancy too. A growing number of studies suggest that various adipokines including adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, resistin and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) are dysregulated in GDM and might have pathological significance and a prognostic value in this pregnancy disorder. In this review, we will focus on the current knowledge on the role that the aforementioned adipokines play in the development and progression of GDM.
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Effects of low-glycemic index diet on plasma adipokines in obese children.
Visuthranukul, C, Hurst, C, Chomtho, S
Pediatric research. 2021;(5):1009-1015
Abstract
BACKGROUND A low-glycemic index (GI) diet may modulate adipocyte-produced adipokines linking to insulin resistance. METHODS The stored plasma samples from the RCT of a low-GI vs. conventional diet in obese children were analyzed for adipokines: leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin. Their relationships with clinical outcomes were assessed. RESULTS Fifty-two participants completed the 6-month intervention trial (mean age: 12.0 ± 2.0 years, 35 boys). Both groups had significantly decreased BMI z-scores from baseline whereas the low-GI group had significant reduction in fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. There were no differences in adipokines between the groups before and after the intervention. However, there was an association between baseline leptin and the change of fat mass index (FMI) but not the insulin resistance in both groups. The higher the baseline leptin was, the lower the changes were for FMI after the intervention. CONCLUSION Despite no demonstrable effect of low-GI diet on plasma adipokines, the higher baseline leptin was correlated with lower reduction of fat mass. Leptin resistance may have a detrimental effect on the reduction of adiposity in obese children. Baseline leptin could be a useful predictor of the change in body composition in an obesity intervention trial. IMPACT Leptin resistance may have a detrimental effect in reducing the adiposity in obese children. This study is the first of its kind to compare the plasma adipokine concentrations of obese children on low-GI diet and conventional diet. We found that serum leptin was significantly correlated with the reduction of BMI z-score and FMI in both groups. Baseline leptin could be a useful predictor of the change in body composition in an obesity intervention trial.
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Effects of different lipid emulsions on serum adipokines, inflammatory markers and mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis: A prospective observational cohort study.
Ulusoy, H, Kangalgil, M, Küçük, AO, Özdemir, A, Karahan, SC, Yaman, SÖ, Yavuz, HB, Ok, Ü
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2021;(7):4569-4578
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intravenous lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition may cause different metabolic responses and immune effects in critically ill patients with sepsis. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different lipid emulsions on changes in concentrations of adipokine and cytokine and their relationship with mortality in patients. METHODS Patients enrolled in this prospective, single-center, observational cohort study, were estimated to require more than ten days of parenteral nutrition. They were treated with soybean oil-based or olive oil-based parenteral lipid emulsions. Adipokine and cytokine concentrations of septic patients were determined at enrollment and ten days after, in accordance with the diagnostic criteria of SEPSIS-3. The concentrations levels were measured in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mortality was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regressions. RESULTS Over a 25-month period, 145 patients were assessed for eligibility and consequently, 40 patients were analyzed. On admission, both groups had comparable physiological scores, comorbidities, malnutrition risk, anthropometric measurements, metabolic/hematologic biomarkers and concentrations of adipokines and cytokines (p > .05). Serum leptin, resistin, and cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α) decreased significantly in the entire cohort over ten days following sepsis (p < .05). Serum resistin decreased in both olive oil-based and soybean oil-based lipid emulsions groups. Serum adiponectin only decreased in soybean oil-based lipid emulsions group (p < .05). There was association between survival and percentage changes in adiponectin, resistin and visfatin concentrations (log rank test: p < .05). CONCLUSION Adipokine and cytokine responses are affected by medical nutritional therapy in the sepsis process and adipokines may represent functional prognostic biomarkers in critically ill patients with sepsis.
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A Distinctive NAFLD Signature in Adipose Tissue from Women with Severe Obesity.
Osorio-Conles, Ó, Vega-Beyhart, A, Ibarzabal, A, Balibrea, JM, Graupera, I, Rimola, J, Vidal, J, de Hollanda, A
International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;(19)
Abstract
Development and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been linked to obesity and white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction plays a key role in this relation. We compared the main features of subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral WAT (VAT) tissue dysfunction in 48 obese women without (Ob) and with NAFLD (Ob-NAFLD) undergoing bariatric surgery and matched for age, BMI and T2D status. Fat cell area, adipocyte size distribution, the degree of histological fibrosis and the mRNA expression of adipokines and genes implicated in inflammation, adipogenesis, angiogenesis, metabolism and extracellular matrix remodeling were measured by RT-qPCR in both fat depots. Ob-NAFLD group showed higher TG and lower HDL circulating levels, increased VAT fat cell area and similar WAT fibrosis in comparison with Ob group. A sPLS-DA was performed in order to identify the set of genes that better characterize the presence of NAFLD. Finally, we build a multinomial logistic model including seven genes that explained 100% of the variance in NAFLD and correctly predicted 100% of cases. Our data support the existence of distinctive NAFLD signatures in WAT from women with severe obesity. A better understanding of these pathways may help in future strategies for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Science for Kids: Effects of low-glycemic index diet on plasma adipokines in childhood obesity.
Mohan, B, Ward, K
Pediatric research. 2021;(5):1096-1097
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Salivary Adipokine and Cytokine Levels as Potential Markers for the Development of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders.
Zyśk, B, Ostrowska, L, Smarkusz-Zarzecka, J
International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;(21)
Abstract
Currently, the number of people suffering from obesity is increasing worldwide. In addition, the disease is affecting younger individuals. Therefore, it is essential to search for new diagnostic methods and markers for early assessment of the risk of obesity, metabolic disorders, and other comorbidities. The discovery of the secretory function of adipose tissue and coexistence of low-grade chronic inflammation with obesity set a new direction in this disease diagnosis using the assessment of the concentration of inflammatory markers secreted by adipose tissue. The aim of this review was to determine, based on previous findings, whether saliva can be useful in the diagnosis of obesity and its early metabolic complications and whether it can be an alternative diagnostic material to serum.
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The effect of meal frequency on biochemical cardiometabolic factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Abdollahi, S, Kazemi, A, de Souza, RJ, Clark, CCT, Soltani, S
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2021;(5):3170-3181
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have supported the beneficial effects of higher meal frequency (MF) on cardiometabolic risk factors, the putative effects of higher MF on health remain inconclusive. This study systematically reviewed the evidence from RCTs of the effect of higher compared with lower MF on the blood lipid profile, glucose homeostasis, and adipokines. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane database were searched up to October 2020 to retrieve relevant RCTs. A DerSimonian and Laird random effects model was used to pool mean differences and 95% CI for each outcome. The quality of studies and evidence was assessed through standard methods. RESULTS Twenty-one RCTs (686 participants) were included in this meta-analysis. Overall results showed a significant improvement in total cholesterol [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -6.08 mg/dl; 95% CI: -10.68, -1.48; P = 0.01; I2 = 88%], and low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD = -6.82 mg/dl; 95% CI: -10.97, -1.60; P = 0.009; I2 = 85.7%), while LDL-C to high-density cholesterol ratio (LDL-C: HDL-C) increased (WMD = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.36; P = 0.003; I2 = 0.0%) in higher MF vs. lower MF. No significant effects were found on measures of glycemic control, apolipoproteins-A1 and B, or leptin. In subgroup analyses, higher MF significantly reduced serum triglyceride (TG), and increased HDL-C, compared with lower MF in interventions > 12 weeks, and decreased serum TC and LDL-C in healthy participants. A significant reduction in LDL-C also was observed in studies where the same foods given both arms, simply divided into different feeding occasions, and in feeding studies, following higher MF compared to lower MF. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis found that higher, compared with lower MF may improve total cholesterol, and LDL-C. The intervention does not affect measures of glycemic control, apolipoproteins-A1 and B, or leptin. However, the GRADE ratings of low credibility of the currently available evidence highlights the need for more high-quality studies in order to reach a firm conclusion.