1.
Adipocyte Death and Chronic Inflammation in Obesity.
Kuroda, M, Sakaue, H
The journal of medical investigation : JMI. 2017;(3.4):193-196
Abstract
Cell death is closely linked to many diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders. Increased adipocyte death has been reported during the development of obesity. Adipocyte death may be caused by excessive stress during obesity-related adipose tissue remodeling. Adipose tissue macrophages are key players in obesity-related inflammation and systemic insulin resistance. Accumulating evidence suggests that adipocyte death is involved in immune cell function and initiates inflammation through an interaction with macrophages; however, the precise mechanisms remain largely unknown. This review focuses on the contribution of dead cells (particularly dead adipocytes in adipose tissue) to the pathophysiological conditions associated with obesity. J. Med. Invest. 64: 193-196, August, 2017.
2.
Adipose tissue gene expression is differentially regulated with different rates of weight loss in overweight and obese humans.
Vink, RG, Roumans, NJ, Fazelzadeh, P, Tareen, SH, Boekschoten, MV, van Baak, MA, Mariman, EC
International journal of obesity (2005). 2017;(2):309-316
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Moderate weight loss (WL) can ameliorate adverse health effects associated with obesity, reflected by an improved adipose tissue (AT) gene expression profile. However, the effect of rate of WL on the AT transcriptome is unknown. We investigated the global AT gene expression profile before and after two different rates of WL that resulted in similar total WL, and after a subsequent weight stabilization period. SUBJECTS/METHODS In this randomized controlled trial, 25 male and 28 female individuals (body mass index (BMI): 28-35 kg m-2) followed either a low-calorie diet (LCD; 1250 kcal day-1) for 12 weeks or a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD; 500 kcal day-1) for 5 weeks (WL period) and a subsequent weight stable (WS) period of 4 weeks. The WL period and WS period together is termed dietary intervention (DI) period. Abdominal subcutaneous AT biopsies were collected for microarray analysis and gene expression changes were calculated for all three periods in the LCD group, VLCD group and between diets (ΔVLCD-ΔLCD). RESULTS WL was similar between groups during the WL period (LCD: -8.1±0.5 kg, VLCD -8.9±0.4 kg, difference P=0.25). Overall, more genes were significantly regulated and changes in gene expression appeared more pronounced in the VLCD group compared with the LCD group. Gene sets related to mitochondrial function, adipogenesis and immunity/inflammation were more strongly upregulated on a VLCD compared with a LCD during the DI period (positive ΔVLCD-ΔLCD). Neuronal and olfactory-related gene sets were decreased during the WL period and DI period in the VLCD group. CONCLUSIONS The rate of WL (LCD vs VLCD), with similar total WL, strongly regulates AT gene expression. Increased mitochondrial function, angiogenesis and adipogenesis on a VLCD compared with a LCD reflect potential beneficial diet-induced changes in AT, whereas differential neuronal and olfactory regulation suggest functions of these genes beyond the current paradigm.
3.
Leptin, adipocytes and breast cancer: Focus on inflammation and anti-tumor immunity.
Delort, L, Rossary, A, Farges, MC, Vasson, MP, Caldefie-Chézet, F
Life sciences. 2015;:37-48
Abstract
More than one million new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed worldwide each year and more than 400,000 deaths are caused by the disease. The origin of this pathology is multifactorial and involved genetic, hormonal, environmental and nutritional factors including obesity in postmenopausal women. The role played by the adipose tissue and their secretions, ie adipokines, is beginning to be recognized. Plasma adipokine levels, which are modulated during obesity, could have “remote” effects on mammary carcinogenesis. Breast cancer cells are surrounded and locally influenced by an adipocyte microenvironment, which is probably more extensive in obese people. Hence, leptin appears to be strongly involved in mammary carcinogenesis and may contribute to the local pro-inflammatory mechanisms, especially in obese patients, who have increased metastatic potential and greater risk of mortality. This review presents the multifaceted role of leptin in breast cancer development and the different molecular pathways involved such as inflammation, oxidative stress and antitumor immunity.
4.
[Novel adipokines: their potential role in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic disorders].
Korek, E, Krauss, H
Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online). 2015;:799-810
Abstract
Since identification in 1994 of leptin, a hormone produced by adipocytes, adipose tissue has become the subject of intensive research. These studies contributed to the discovery that adipocytes have the ability to synthesize and secrete biologically active substances called "adipokines". Adipokines include a variety of cytokines, peptide hormones and enzymes that play a role in a wide variety of biological functions. For example, they are involved in the regulation of appetite, energy homeostasis, vascular hemostasis, blood pressure, inflammatory and immune processes and play a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. In obese patients, the secretion of adipokines is frequently abnormal. These changes may predispose to the development of insulin resistance, hypertension and inflammation. Therefore, adipokines are the subject of ongoing clinical trials. The family of adipokines is increasing by the newly discovered peptides. This paper presents the current state of knowledge about retinol binding protein 4 (RBP-4), fasting-induced adipose factor/angiopoietin-like protein 4 (FIAF/ANGPTL4), fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), irisin and their potential role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders associated with obesity. The knowledge of the role of newly discovered adipokines may help in the treatment of metabolic syndrome.