0
selected
-
1.
Serum cytokine patterns are modulated in infants fed formula with probiotics or milk fat globule membranes: A randomized controlled trial.
Li, X, Peng, Y, Li, Z, Christensen, B, Heckmann, AB, Lagerqvist, C, Stenlund, H, Lönnerdal, B, Hernell, O, West, CE
PloS one. 2021;(5):e0251293
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins and lipids of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and probiotics are immunomodulatory. We hypothesized that Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei strain F19 (F19) would augment vaccine antibody and T helper 1 type immune responses whereas MFGM would produce an immune response closer to that of breastfed (BF) infants. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of supplementing formula with F19 or bovine MFGM on serum cytokine and vaccine responses of formula-fed (FF) and BF infants. DESIGN FF infants were randomized to formula with F19 (n = 195) or MFGM (n = 192), or standard formula (SF) (n = 194) from age 21±7 days until 4 months. A BF group served as reference (n = 208). We analyzed seven cytokines (n = 398) in serum at age 4 months using magnetic bead-based multiplex technology. Using ELISA, we analyzed anti-diphtheria IgG (n = 258) and anti-poliovirus IgG (n = 309) concentrations in serum before and after the second and third immunization, respectively. RESULTS Compared with SF, the F19 group had greater IL-2 and lower IFN-γ concentrations (p<0.05, average effect size 0.14 and 0.39). Compared with BF, the F19 group had greater IL-2, IL-4 and IL-17A concentrations (p<0.05, average effect size 0.42, 0.34 and 0.26, respectively). The MFGM group had lower IL-2 and IL-17A concentrations compared with SF (p<0.05, average effect size 0.34 and 0.31). Cytokine concentrations were comparable among the MFGM and BF groups. Vaccine responses were comparable among the formula groups. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to previous studies F19 increased IL-2 and lowered IFN-γ production, suggesting that the response to probiotics differs across populations. The cytokine profile of the MFGM group approached that of BF infants, and may be associated with the previous finding that infectious outcomes for the MFGM group in this cohort were closer to those of BF infants, as opposed to the SF group. These immunomodulatory effects support future clinical evaluation of infant formula with F19 or MFGM.
-
2.
Dietary Fatty Acids and Host-Microbial Crosstalk in Neonatal Enteric Infection.
Quin, C, Gibson, DL
Nutrients. 2019;(9)
Abstract
Human milk is the best nutritional choice for infants. However, in instances where breastfeeding is not possible, infant formulas are used as alternatives. While formula manufacturers attempt to mimic the performance of human breast milk, formula-fed babies consistently have higher incidences of infection from diarrheal diseases than those breastfed. Differences in disease susceptibility, progression and severity can be attributed, in part, to nutritional fatty acid differences between breast milk and formula. Despite advances in our understanding of breast milk properties, formulas still present major differences in their fatty acid composition when compared to human breast milk. In this review, we highlight the role of distinct types of dietary fatty acids in modulating host inflammation, both directly and through the microbiome-immune nexus. We present evidence that dietary fatty acids influence enteric disease susceptibility and therefore, altering the fatty acid composition in formula may be a potential strategy to improve infectious outcomes in formula-fed infants.
-
3.
Intestinal microbiota in infants at high risk for allergy: Effects of prebiotics and role in eczema development.
Wopereis, H, Sim, K, Shaw, A, Warner, JO, Knol, J, Kroll, JS
The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2018;(4):1334-1342.e5
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of the gut microbiota in infancy is important in maturation of the immune system. Deviations in colonization patterns have been associated with allergic manifestations such as eczema, but exact microbiome dysfunctions underlying allergies remain unclear. We studied the gut microbiota of 138 infants at increased risk of allergy, participating in a clinical trial investigating the effectiveness of a partially hydrolyzed protein formula supplemented with nondigestible oligosaccharides on the prevention of eczema. OBJECTIVE The effects of interventions and breast-feeding on fecal microbiota were investigated. Additionally, we aimed to identify microbial patterns associated with the onset of eczema. METHODS Bacterial taxonomic compositions in the first 26 weeks of life were analyzed by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Additionally, fecal pH and microbial metabolite levels were measured. RESULTS Fecal microbial composition, metabolites, and pH of infants receiving partially hydrolyzed protein formula supplemented with nondigestible oligosaccharides was closer to that of breast-fed infants than that of infants receiving standard cow's milk formula. Infants with eczema by 18 months showed discordant development of bacterial genera of Enterobacteriaceae and Parabacteroides species in the first 26 weeks, as well as decreased acquisition of lactate-utilizing bacteria producing butyrate, namely Eubacterium and Anaerostipes species, supported by increased lactate and decreased butyrate levels. CONCLUSIONS We showed that a partially hydrolyzed protein infant formula with specific prebiotics modulated the gut microbiota closer to that of breast-fed infants. Additionally, we identified a potential link between microbial activity and onset of eczema, which might reflect a suboptimal implementation of gut microbiota at specific developmental stages in infants at high risk for allergy.
-
4.
Nutritive and Bioactive Proteins in Breastmilk.
Haschke, F, Haiden, N, Thakkar, SK
Annals of nutrition & metabolism. 2016;:17-26
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
Protein ingested with breast milk provides indispensable amino acids which are necessary for new protein synthesis for growth and replacement of losses via urine, feces, and the skin. Protein gain in the body of an infant is highest during the first months when protein concentrations in breast milk are higher than during later stages of lactation. Low-birth-weight infants have higher protein needs than term infants and need protein supplements during feeding with breastmilk. Based on our better understanding of protein evolution in breastmilk during the stages of lactation, new infant formulas with lower protein concentration but better protein quality have been created, successfully tested, and are now available in many countries. Besides providing indispensable amino acids, bioactive protein in breast milk can be broadly classified into 4 major functions, that is, providing protection from microbial insults and immune protection, aiding in digestive functions, gut development, and being carriers for other nutrients. Individual proteins and their proposed bioactivities are summarized in this paper in brief. Indeed, some proteins like lactoferrin and sIgA have been extensively studied for their biological functions, whereas others may require more data in support to further validate their proposed functions.
-
5.
Review of Infant Feeding: Key Features of Breast Milk and Infant Formula.
Martin, CR, Ling, PR, Blackburn, GL
Nutrients. 2016;(5)
Abstract
Mothers' own milk is the best source of nutrition for nearly all infants. Beyond somatic growth, breast milk as a biologic fluid has a variety of other benefits, including modulation of postnatal intestinal function, immune ontogeny, and brain development. Although breastfeeding is highly recommended, breastfeeding may not always be possible, suitable or solely adequate. Infant formula is an industrially produced substitute for infant consumption. Infant formula attempts to mimic the nutritional composition of breast milk as closely as possible, and is based on cow's milk or soymilk. A number of alternatives to cow's milk-based formula also exist. In this article, we review the nutritional information of breast milk and infant formulas for better understanding of the importance of breastfeeding and the uses of infant formula from birth to 12 months of age when a substitute form of nutrition is required.
-
6.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides Influence Neonatal Mucosal and Systemic Immunity.
Donovan, SM, Comstock, SS
Annals of nutrition & metabolism. 2016;(Suppl 2):42-51
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
The immune system of the infant is functionally immature and naïve. Human milk contains bioactive proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates that protect the newborn and stimulate innate and adaptive immune development. This review will focus on the role human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) play in neonatal gastrointestinal and systemic immune development and function. For the past decade, intense research has been directed at defining the complexity of oligosaccharides in the milk of many species and is beginning to delineate their diverse functions. These studies have shown that human milk contains a higher concentration as well as a greater structural diversity and degree of fucosylation than the milk oligosaccharides in other species, particularly bovine milk from which many infant formulae are produced. The commercial availability of large quantities of certain HMO has furthered our understanding of the functions of specific HMO, which include protecting the infant from pathogenic infections, facilitating the establishment of the gut microbiota, promoting intestinal development, and stimulating immune maturation. Many of these actions are exerted through carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions with pathogens or host cells. Two HMOs, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), have recently been added to infant formula. Although this is a first step in narrowing the compositional gap between human milk and infant formula, it is unclear whether 1 or 2 HMO will recapitulate the complexity of actions exerted by the complex mixture of HMO ingested by breastfed infants. Thus, as more HMO become commercially available, either isolated from bovine milk or chemically or microbially synthesized, it is anticipated that more oligosaccharides will be added to infant formula either alone or in combination with other prebiotics.
-
7.
Lipid Quality in Infant Nutrition: Current Knowledge and Future Opportunities.
Delplanque, B, Gibson, R, Koletzko, B, Lapillonne, A, Strandvik, B
Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. 2015;(1):8-17
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
Dietary lipids are key for infants to not only meet their high energy needs but also fulfill numerous metabolic and physiological functions critical to their growth, development, and health. The lipid composition of breast milk varies during lactation and according to the mother's diet, whereas the lipid composition of infant formulae varies according to the blend of different fat sources. This report compares the compositions of lipids in breast milk and infant formulae, and highlights the roles of dietary lipids in term and preterm infants and their potential biological and health effects. The major differences between breast milk and formulae lie in a variety of saturated fatty acids (such as palmitic acid, including its structural position) and unsaturated fatty acids (including arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), cholesterol, and complex lipids. The functional outcomes of these differences during infancy and for later child and adult life are still largely unknown, and some of them are discussed, but there is consensus that opportunities exist for improvements in the qualitative lipid supply to infants through the mother's diet or infant formulae. Furthermore, research is required in several areas, including the needs of term and preterm infants for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, the sites of action and clinical effects of lipid mediators on immunity and inflammation, the role of lipids on metabolic, neurological, and immunological outcomes, and the mechanisms by which lipids act on short- and long-term health.
-
8.
Effects of short-chain fructooligosaccharides on faecal bifidobacteria and specific immune response in formula-fed term infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Paineau, D, Respondek, F, Menet, V, Sauvage, R, Bornet, F, Wagner, A
Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2014;(3):167-75
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an infant formula supplemented with short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) on faecal concentration of bifidobacteria. Sixty-one healthy formula-fed infants participated in this double-blind controlled trial and were randomized to receive either the scFOS-supplemented formula (4 g/L scFOS) or the placebo-supplemented formula (4 g/L maltodextrins) until the age of 4 mo. Stool samples were analyzed for bifidobacteria at enrolment and at the age of 2 and 3 mo and for antipoliovirus IgA at the age of 4 mo. Parents completed a questionnaire to assess digestive tolerance. Change in faecal bifidobacteria after 2 mo were higher with scFOS compared to the placebo. At 4 mo, specific IgA tended to be higher with the scFOS group than with the placebo. Somatic growth and digestive tolerance were similar between groups. This study confirms that scFOS-supplemented formula can increase the concentration of faecal bifidobacteria while being well tolerated.
-
9.
[Probiotics in infant formulae. Could we modify the immune response?].
Moreno Villares, JM
Anales de pediatria (Barcelona, Spain : 2003). 2008;(3):286-94
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The intestinal microflora of breast-fed infants is an important physiological factor in gut function and the development of the immune system. Human milk oligosaccharides have been shown to selectively stimulate the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the intestine. In the last few years several attempts have been made to establish the presence of similar microbiota in formula-fed infants. One of the approaches to modify the balance of intestinal microflora is to supply the potentially helpful microbiota with selective nutrients (prebiotics). GOAL To review the current scientific evidence related to the addition of prebiotics to infant feeds and their possible role in the immune function. MATERIAL AND METHODS A bibliographic search with Mesh terms: Prebiotics OR oligosaccharides OR intestinal microflora AND infant formula AND results was performed. Special analysis was done on clinical studies. RESULTS Prebiotics are substances that are not absorbed through the small intestine and are fermented by colonic bacteria. A prebiotic mixture from galacto-oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides has been used to mimic the effect of human milk oligosaccharides. It has been demonstrated that such a mixture significantly increases the number of bifidobacteria in a dose-related way (maximum effect at 0.8 g/dl) and reduces the number of pathogens in term as well as in preterm infants when compared with a group of infants fed a non-supplemented formula. The effect of oligosaccharides on bacterial metabolism was studied by measuring short chain fatty acid production and fecal pH. More recent studies have been able to show clinical benefits with the use of a prebiotic mixture in infant formulas. Firstly, it has been shown to decrease the risk of developing atopic dermatitis in high risk infants; secondly a reduced incidence of intestinal as well as upper airway infections in the first year of life. It can be hypothesized that prebiotics might play an important role as a new concept in allergy and infection prevention in infants.