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Food-specific IgGs Are Highly Increased in the Sera of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Are Clinically Relevant to the Pathogenesis.
Xiao, N, Liu, F, Zhou, G, Sun, M, Ai, F, Liu, Z
Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 2018;57(19):2787-2798
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term incorporating ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). The exact reasons for the development of IBD are still being debated, however food allergy has been implicated. Diagnosis of food allergy is normally performed looking at the body’s immediate immune response, however the delayed immune response may be of importance in IBD. This study of 301 patients with IBD and 178 healthy controls aimed to look at the delayed immune response of individuals with IBD following the introduction of certain foods. It also looked at the efficacy of a drug treatment, infliximab (IFX) on this immune response. The results showed that the delayed immune response to egg, milk, wheat, corn, rice, tomato, codfish, and soya was increased in those with CD compared to those with UC and healthy control. Infliximab treatment was effective in suppressing this immune response in individuals with CD. It was concluded that in individuals with IBD, measuring the delayed immune response to foods may be an important diagnosis and management tool. This study could be used by healthcare professionals to understand that measuring the immediate immune response to certain foods in individuals with IBD, may not be sufficient. Measuring the delayed immune response in combination with the immediate immune response may give a better picture of foods which should be avoided in those with IBD. Infliximab treatment may be an effective treatment in patients with IBD and a delayed immune response to certain foods.
Abstract
Objective Dietary antigens are common luminal antigens in the gastrointestinal tract and have been considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We analyzed the levels of food-specific IgGs against a variety of dietary antigens, explored the clinical relevance of food allergy to the pathogenesis of IBD, and investigated whether or not infliximab (IFX) treatment could regulate the immune responses induced by dietary antigens. Methods A total of 301 IBD patients, including 201 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 100 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), were recruited, and their serum food-specific IgGs against 14 food antigens were detected by a semi-quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total serum IgG and IgE levels were measured by immunonephelometry and fluorescent enzyme immunoassay, respectively. Simultaneously, the relevant medical records and clinical data were collected for further analyses. Results Food-specific IgGs against egg, milk, wheat, corn, rice, tomato, codfish, and soybean antigens were found to be significantly increased in the sera of CD patients compared with UC patients and healthy controls (p<0.01). The levels of total serum IgG and IgE were also significantly higher in CD patients than in healthy controls (p<0.01). The titers of corn- and tomato-specific IgGs were found to be significantly correlated with total serum IgG in CD patients (p<0.05), while the titers of egg-, milk-, and wheat-specific IgGs were correlated with total serum IgE (p<0.05). Interestingly, IFX therapy was able to down-regulate the food-specific IgG-mediated immune response markedly in active CD patients. Conclusion Food-specific IgGs against egg, milk, wheat, corn, rice, tomato, codfish, and soybean are highly increased in the sera of CD patients. IFX treatment was able to down-regulate the levels of food-specific IgGs by suppressing intestinal inflammation and promoting mucosal healing. Therefore, food-specific IgGs may serve as an important approach in the diagnosis and management of food allergy in IBD.
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Effect of shiitake (Lentinus edodes) extract on antioxidant and inflammatory response to prolonged eccentric exercise.
Zembron-Lacny, A, Gajewski, M, Naczk, M, Siatkowski, I
Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society. 2013;64(2):249-54
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Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) is a popular culinary and medicinal mushroom. It contains numerous active compounds including ergothioneine which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of shiitake extract in healthy men exposed to exercise-induced muscle damage. Fourteen healthy males participated in this placebo-controlled crossover study. Subjects ingested shiitake extract or placebo for 10 days prior to exercise, with a 30 day period between the two phases of the crossover. Bloods were drawn at 20 minutes, 24 hours and 48 hours after exercise. There was no statistically significant difference between the shiitake and the placebo group in the inflammation related parameters measured. But there was a significant change in certain compounds suggesting an increased antioxidant activity in the shiitake group. The authors conclude that shiitake does not affect the inflammatory response following exercise but has antioxidant action, and that further studies are needed to make recommendations for use of shiitake by athletes.
Abstract
The shiitake (Lentinus edodes) extract is purported to have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties due to presence of many bioactive compounds such as ergothioneine. This study was designed to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of shiitake extract in healthy men exposed to exercise-induced skeletal muscles damage. Subjects ingested shiitake mushroom extract (700 mg, two times per day) or placebo for 10 days prior to two separate exercise trials (crossover study). The exercise session involved 90 min run at 65% VO2max (0% gradient) and 15-min eccentric phase at 65% VO2max (-10% gradient). Subjects experienced creatine kinase (peak 461±206 IU/L) and leukocytes (peak 9.82 x 103/μL) elevations indicating muscle damage and inflammation. Exercise altered plasma IL-6 (peak 5.29±0.78 pg/mL), IL-10 (peak 24.75±6.22 pg/mL) and IL-1β (peak 0.54±0.09 pg/mL) levels but did not affect tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) level relative to baseline. Shiitake extract did not demonstrate any effect on immune cells number and inflammatory mediators level, with the exception of IL-10. Thiol redox status (GSHtotal-2GSSG/GSSG) and niric oxide (NO) concentration increased after shiitake extract whereas H2O2 and 8-isoprostanes did not change. In conclusion, shiitake mushroom extract had no effect on markers of inflammation following prolonged eccentric exercise but demonstrated an antioxidant activity through the regulation of nitric oxide concentration and thiol redox status.