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Tools to Alleviate the Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia. Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan. Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia. College of Nursing, Princess Norah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia. School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Nursing Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 33048, Saudi Arabia. Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia. Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia. Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Specialties Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12231, Saudi Arabia. Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia. Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, Abqaiq 33261, Saudi Arabia. Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia. Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia. Department of Infectious Diseases, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia. Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia. Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia. Department of Infection Control, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia. Preventive Medicine and Infection Prevention and Control Department, Directorate of Ministry of Health, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 4030, Saudi Arabia. Medical Microbiology Department, Security Forces Hospital Programme, Dammam 32314, Saudi Arabia. Pediatrics Department, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Medina 41511, Saudi Arabia. Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia. Assistant Agency for Hospital Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12382, Saudi Arabia. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sheikh Khalifa General Hospital, Umm Al Quwain 499, United Arab Emirates. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates. Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia. Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;(20)
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Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), an acid-fast bacillus that causes Tuberculosis (TB), is a pathogen that caused 1.5 million deaths in 2020. As per WHO estimates, another 4.1 million people are suffering from latent TB, either asymptomatic or not diagnosed, and the frequency of drug resistance is increasing due to intrinsically linked factors from both host and bacterium. For instance, poor access to TB diagnosis and reduced treatment in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in more TB deaths and an 18% reduction in newly diagnosed cases of TB. Additionally, the detection of Mtb isolates exhibiting resistance to multiple drugs (MDR, XDR, and TDR) has complicated the scenario in the pathogen's favour. Moreover, the conventional methods to detect drug resistance may miss mutations, making it challenging to decide on the treatment regimen. However, owing to collaborative initiatives, the last two decades have witnessed several advancements in both the detection methods and drug discovery against drug-resistant isolates. The majority of them belong to nucleic acid detection techniques. In this review, we highlight and summarize the molecular mechanism underlying drug resistance in Mtb, the recent advancements in resistance detection methods, and the newer drugs used against drug-resistant TB.

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Publication Type : Review

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