Plain language summary
Eating more fruit and vegetables is associated with many health benefits, including improved mental health. This study tested the psychological benefits of increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in young adults. The usual diet of study participants consisted of 3 or less servings of fruit and vegetables per day. For two weeks, participants either followed their usual diet, received text message reminders to eat more fruit and vegetables and a voucher to purchase fruit and vegetables, or were given two additional portions of fruit and vegetables per day. Participants were asked to record their mood throughout the study. Blood samples were tested for vitamin levels before and after the study. Only participants given the extra fruit and vegetables showed improvements to their psychological well-being, with increases in vitality, flourishing, and motivation across the 14 days relative to the other groups. No changes were found for depressive symptoms, anxiety, or mood. Improvements did not appear to be related to changes in blood vitamin levels. The authors concluded that giving young adults fresh fruit and vegetables to eat can have psychological benefits even over a brief period of time.
Abstract
This study tested the psychological benefits of a 14-day preregistered clinical intervention to increase fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption in 171 low-FV-consuming young adults (67% female, aged 18-25). Participants were randomly assigned into a diet-as-usual control condition, an ecological momentary intervention (EMI) condition involving text message reminders to increase their FV consumption plus a voucher to purchase FV, or a fruit and vegetable intervention (FVI) condition in which participants were given two additional daily servings of fresh FV to consume on top of their normal diet. Self-report outcome measures were depressive symptoms and anxiety measured pre- and post-intervention, and daily negative and positive mood, vitality, flourishing, and flourishing behaviors (curiosity, creativity, motivation) assessed nightly using a smartphone survey. Vitamin C and carotenoids were measured from blood samples pre- and post-intervention, and psychological expectancies about the benefits of FV were measured post-intervention to test as mediators of psychological change. Only participants in the FVI condition showed improvements to their psychological well-being with increases in vitality, flourishing, and motivation across the 14-days relative to the other groups. No changes were found for depressive symptoms, anxiety, or mood. Intervention benefits were not mediated by vitamin C, carotenoids, or psychological expectancies. We conclude that providing young adults with high-quality FV, rather than reminding them to eat more FV (with a voucher to purchase FV), resulted in significant short-term improvements to their psychological well-being. These results provide initial proof-of-concept that giving young adults fresh fruit and vegetables to eat can have psychological benefits even over a brief period of time. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12615000183583.
Methodological quality
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